https://haylibrary.cvlcollections.org/files/original/26b3891cdfbf5687002afe64844c19aa.pdf 2bcb9134fb345093ebcc36888fc67e23 PDF Text Text \ / ..,,,.,,,,.. �THE UNION PACIFIC COAL COMPANY CODE OF STANDARDS To Govern Safety Work, Including Construction and Operation Originally Issued July 15, 1925 Revised September 15, 1927 Printed October 1, 1927 R evised April 1, 1929 Revised February 1, 1932 Revised June 1, 1933 R eprinted February 1, 1937 Revised December 1, 1939 Revised and R eprinted October 1, 1947 236 Book No..................... �1 CODE OF STANDARDS Stnndards to Govent Sntcty Work, IncludJng Constru ction nncl Operation The instructions contained herein, the result or extended and careful study, are deemed these best adapted to govern under the conditions that obtain In the operation of the Company's mines. Copies of these instructions will be placed In the bands of all men responsible for the safe and proper conduct of the property. Th~se receiving copies will be expected to thoroughly f~1arlze themselves with these Instructions. Any variation or exceptions thereto will be permitted only upon specific authority of the General Manager the Chief Electrician or the Safety Engineer. It will be the duty of Superintendents, Foremen and others In charge of construction or operating matters to comply with these rules, and to so instruct all employes under their supervision. The chapter "Major Disaster'' has been printed on red paper to facilitate quick reference thereto, and should be k ept In mind at all tJmes. For convenience in reference and revision, this book has been separated Into chapters, and a marginal and a general index have been provided. Coal mining practice should and will change, making furth er revision of established standards necessary. H. C. LIVINGSTON, Vice President - Oper ation V. O. MURRAY, General Manager I. M. CHARLES, Chief Engineer D. T . FADDI S, General Master Mech anic GUY L. STEVENSON, Chief Electrician F. J . pETER,NELL, Safety Engineer Approved: I. N. BAYLESS, P resident. PERSONAL CONDUCT The wor!< of mining coal constitutes a reputable busln1:ss-pro~dl~g that the men who work in and about the mines maintain a proper measure of 1·esponsibility good ~haracter and self respect. This rule applies to the 'workrng force-to the directing force it applies double. There has always been a close relationship between the work of moving trains and the mining of coal. Both tasks call for men of good, robust physique, alert minds, and a high order of physical courage. Both occupations are In the hazardous class. At one time the chances for death or disablllty were about equal in the two industries. Within the past 30 years the railroad industry has been made one of the safest industrial occupations-the coal mining industry has made some improvement, but yet is among the higher bracket of accidents per man-hours of exposure. Personal conduct and the existence or the absence of an adequate sense of responsibility enter heavily Into the mine accident rate. The conditions surrounding the operation of the properties of The Union Pacific Coal Company fully justify the belief of the management-First-That the overwhelming majority of its employes believe In the observance of all Federal, State and Municipal laws, and in maintaining a general high standard of personal conduct. Second-That the existence of gambling houses, illegally and improperly operated saloons, or other places where intoxicating liquors are sold, or where other forms of vice are carried on or allowed, is definitely wrong, working a serious Injury to those who participate in same as well as the younger people of our communities. Third-That a job that is worth having Is worth keeping, and that the obligation on the part of the employe to render a conscientious, continuous service ts equally binding with the obligation of the employer to pay an adequate wage, to make the work as sate as possible, and In a general way to look attar the welfare and the happiness of his employee, this without attempting in any way to interfere with their lawful privileges. Believing, as we do, that it Is only the few who do not bY preference maintain a reasonable standard of conduct then it reasonably follows that this minority who pr~fer to go their own way should undertake to ex- �2 ercise the license _they desire.elsewhere, finding r esidence and employment in a more congenial atmosphere. In making this presentation it will be understood that employes ~ccupying official positions, or In any way charged w1th the direction or the property or the workIng force, have a double responslbiUty In the direction of good conduct, of courtesy to other employes, and In the full observ-ance ot all lawful regulatory measures. 3 MANAGEMENT OF MEN The greater portion of the contents of this Code of Standards relates to questions of Safety, the reduction or accidents. Possibly more should be said relative to the reduction or mine costs, but we have looked upon Safety as or paramount Importance. During the year 1946 The Union P acific Coal Company's mine cost was 74 per cent mine labor. The salaries of general officers are not Included in this computation. In no other industry does man-power enter to the extent that It does in the coal industry. The percentage set forth above certifies to this fact. A company or corporation has been defined as "an artificial person organized to transact business," which Onds expression through .Its official staff. In so far as the safety or employes is concerned, such rests jointly with the workers and the stall. Assuming the official staff Is well chosen and competent, what are our responsibilities toward the workmen? In recent years the world, through the development of steam· and electric power, and through the application of scientific engineering mothods, has become a much more prolific mother, and, removed from the distressing conditions that long prevailed, a broader and more equitable attitude has been developed between employer and employe. An unwilling worker Is always a poor worker; h is thoughts Invariably run to his pay check and the Invention of an excuse to avoid even reporting for work; the task he Is set to do Is loathsome; pride of accomplishment and craftsmanship is invariably lacking with this class of employe. In substance, a cheerful attitude of mind le necessary tor the safe and successful accomplish ment of any task, and such Is an absolutely necessary requirement tor successful foremanshlp. A foreman who cannot see In every employe who comes under his charge a human being who le entitled to fair and just treatment is lacking, and the deficiency will be reJlected, not only In mine costs and output, but to an even greater extent in safety. The matter of giving proper inetrnr.tlons to old as well as new employes is one of vital Importance. We all need the service of teachers. Too frequently too much Js taken for granted by foremen who assume that the m an knows just what he Is expected to do and how he should do It. Perhaps more unfortunate lmpresslon11 are gained by men from this cause than from any other �4 they are subjected to. The loss ts too often a cumulative ~me in that many men do many simila r tasks in as many imprope~ ways, the fore~an, for want of immediate contact, losing the opportunity for self-improvement that he might otherwise obtain. No parent ever set a copy line for a child without receiving a corresponding benefit to his or her_ own. handwriting.. There is so much in the work of timbermg, tracklaymg, drilling for shots the handling of electric connections, m achinery etc ' that it is distinctly unfair to let a new m an work ~ut ht's own salvation. Not only should the foreman elCJ)lain the best method, but ~e should go with the ma n, seeing that the best method 1s put into practice. If the employe comes from another field and has a better m ethod, then this better method should be adopted and made the general practice, adding to the welfare of all the men as well as the property. Courtesy is an unfailing source of power. Many men object to being told to do a thing in a rough, commanding tone of voice. Such are frequently the very best men, and they will respond cheerfully to -a more considerate approach. Men can no longer be induced to give loyal service through fear, and discharging a man for trivial causes is unfair; it savors of cowardice. Men are not given capital punishment for petty offenses; admonishment and advice will go further in the majority of cases. It is only the persistent and flagrant offender who should be dismissed, and he should be taken out for his own good and that of the men who work with him. It should ever be borne in mind that a new man must be found for each one leaving the service, and it costs a material sum to train a new man. Even in this day of relative prosperity, the feeling that a man's position is safe continues to be t he greatest gift that the employer can offer. Such supposes safety in the t ask of building a home, in planning for the education of children and the accumulation of savings. This company wants the friends and relatives of _employes in the service, but the greatest kindness an off1ctal can do those who are related to him is to give them a chance to develop their worth under some other official of the company. Many poor men are kept in position throughout the industrial world by favoritism, and 8;ll equally large number of good men are handicapped, their independence and initiative destroyed by workln~ .for their relatives. AB the sons of employes and officials grow up, opportunity for service should be giv~n them under men who will be free to judge them on merit alone. Sickness absorbs about two per cent of the time of ~ ,@J§ if , \~ workers, or approximately four days per year. That men should wilfully absent themselves from a task that only exacts, on an average, 224 days out of 365 suggests, when taken at the best, an indifferen t interest in their work ~d their. o:vn individual welfare. This company Is makmg a definite effort to m ake all positions as permanent as possible. The industry is, at the best, seasonal and when the Railroad, which ls our only customer, is called 'Upon to move a heavy short season perishable crop movement, the mines are called upon for more coal, and it is then that every man who possibly can should stay at his task. In conclusion, a word relative to grievances will not prove amiss. It has been truthfully said that, "when workers present grievances for settlement, it does not always follow that what they ask for is what they· really want." Too frequently the presentation of a complaint is merely an attempt to find expression for a condition perhaps far remote from the question raised. Almost invariably there is a foundation of fact back of every complaint, perhaps a condition which if corrected, w o u 1 d s ave many dollars for the property. When a complaint Is made, foremen and superlntenrl• ants should exhaustively develop what is in the employe'.a mind, and, i.f he is wrong, the employer cannot go too far in explaining the whole situation to him. Too frequently a refusal to 1nvestlgate a complaint Is made when a careful looking into the case, perhaps a few measurements or a time study made by an engineer. would clarU:y things and make happy the complainant. There ls nothing about the mining business that nsed be concealed, and the great majority of workmen will feel a greater sense of partnership if they are told the r eason for action taken. Each foreman should make up his mind that the man who best manages himself can best manage others. �·6 7 HIGH-TENSION LINES POWER PLANT Care of Electrical Equipme nt The following rules shall govern the operation of electrical equipment at the Power Plant: Ctde1 ()pemtor. 1. .A Chief Operator shall be In charge. 2. Conditions beyond the control of the Chief Operator shall be reported to the Chief E lectrician 01· the Master Mechanic. overload, 3. To relieve an overload condition, shift opera tors shall use their discretion regarding load to be dropped, reporting same to Chief Operator. Switdlea Out of Order 4. Switches that trip out due to overload or short circuit must not be closed until a five-minute period has elapsed. Any switch tripping out two successive times shall be allowed to remain out, and ft shall be the duty of the shift operator to hang an "Out of Order" sign on switch lever and report same to the Chief Operator. Enh1es 6. The time of opening and closing all switches shall be entered on the log sheet. Circuit InterrupUons. 6. Circuit interruptions lasting more than five minutes shall be reported to the Superintendent and General Manager, or, in their absence, to the Vice President, Operation. In Loir. I'rouble. 7. Trouble originating at any district, inside or outside the mine, causing switches to trip at the Power Plant, shall be reported to the Chief Operator as soon as possible. 8. During periods of severe electrical disturbances, the district electrician will assign a reliable employe to a local phone, who will remain in contact with the power plant until such time as it is deemed that the emergency has passed. lnapeetlon of AD Equlp.. meat, Report of. 9. The Chief Electrician will make a thorough inspection of all electrical equipment not less than once each week, and make a written report to the Vice President, Operation once each month. 1. A plan showing location, connections and number Location. ot each high-tension switch shall be posted at all stations or sub-stations. 2. The number of each switch, or group of single- Number, pole switches, shall be displayed in a conspicuous place. Opening nnd 3. The opening and closing of all high-tension c1oslng switches shall be directed by the Chief Operator. Switches, 4. A record shall be kept of the person directed to Reco,a Kept. open or close high-tension switches. He shall report to the Chief Operator after switches are opened or closed. Worl< on 6. When It Is desired to work on any high-tension Blst,.-Tenslon line, the Superintendent of the district involved shall IJDC8, obtain authority to do so from the General Managei:, who will issue the necessary instructions. Requesta 6. Requests to work on high-tension lines shall in• to Work. elude the following Information: A. Hours of day during which the work Is to be done. B. Time required to do the work. c. Nature of the work. Workman In charge, who will communicate with Chief Operator to order line "off." Party ordering line "off" shall be the one to order same "on," unless definite arrangements are made previously. Drop Lond. 7 Before opening high-tension switches, the load shail be dropped by opening distribution switches at the sub-station. •'Uva'' Lines. 8. N O attempt should be m~de .under any c_ircumstances to handle, work on, or repair high v~ltadgeNlmes ~dep\ d while they are alive or energize . o a em ~o~d be made to work on D.C. lines or low voltage A.C. O s xce t in an emergency, and then only when proper e: !_ud ~quipment are available, and under the personal 00 8 • • n of the Chief Electrician or Machine Boss. supervis10 k high tension lines on the surface shall only be Wor on hen the proper equipment and tools are availattempted w d the direct supervision of the Chief Elecable, and er an who in turn will have the permission ~1~ p%~fcien't-Operation, or the General Manager. D. f u; .ri! �9 8 Ground Line Before Worklna' Ou Same. Oro11114 OhAID Removed. 9. Before any work Is done on high-tension lfnes the three wires shall be short-circuited and grounded ~fter line is reported "dead" by Chief Operator. Ground chains should be attached to a rod driven into soft earth before same are drawn over -a high-tension line. Ground chain.a should be handled with a rope or dry sticks when in contact with the line. 10. Wben ordering a line "on," the workmen shall advise the Chief Operator that the ground cha in, or "short," hllS been removed. CARE OF BOILERS AND RELATED EQUIPMENT Boiler-room equipment is designed and furnished to m e~t specific economic requirements. Inasmuch as the ultimate results obtained from a steam generator or boiler depend largely upon the care of the unit and the efficient operation of the same, it is necessary that cer tain rules be followed and records k ept of steam genera ted and fuel used. To burn the fuel efficiently, it is necessary to record t emperatures, a nalyze flue gases and observe regularly the physical condition of the unit to correct any change as it may occur. To detect these changes properly, a Daily Record Sheet must be kept, showing the high and low readings at least once each shift for all measuring devices on all essential apparatus. ' With present-day trends to higher pressures and temperatures the man we formerly knew as a fireman will be termed a boiler operator, and he must acquire a knowledge of the operation of the modern equipment and be familiar with the use of such recording and indicating instruments as are used in steam generation. A given set of rules would not apply for all types of boilers, so each individual plant:' should have a set of Operating Standards which should be closely followed. 1. In placing a boiler in service, authority must first Plnclng be obtained from the person in direct charge. All "Dan- BoUer In Service. ger" or "Out of Service" signs must be removed. The setting must be examined to ascertain if all doors close properly, and, in the case of pulverized fuel, that the explosion doors are free. All vents to steam space must be opened and superheater drains opened Wide. The water in the boiler must be at the normal operating level. The operator must satisfy himself that all valves on pressure gauges and water columns are in their proper positions (open or closed, as the case may be) and be sure by trial of feed valves and feed-water regulator, that' water can be put into the boiler. 2. As steam pressure rises, all gauges and other operating appurtenances must be observed to see that they are functioning properly, and drains and vents must be closed as instructed for the particular type of boiler. The drain from the superheater outlet must be left wide Water Loni open until the boiler is on the line, when it may be Blaln.8', closed As the water level in the column rises, due to exp~ion of heated water, it must be closely watched and the boiler blown down, if necessary, to prevent water from being carried over into the superheater and steam main. All connecting pipes between the auto- �10 11 matic non-return valve and the main header valve which may contain water should be equipped with drains and these drains opened. The superheater must be kept clear of water and not be subjected to excessive temperatures while boiler is being brought up to line pressure. Slow Fire. S. Boilers should be brought up to th e line pressure with a slow fire, allowing the brickwork and metal surfaces opportunity for uniform distribution of h eat. In emergencies a boiler is sometimes placed in service as quickly as possible, but, whenever time is available, th is should not be done. Non-Return Valves. 4. Automatic or non-return valves are placed on the main steam outlet from a boiler primarily for the purpose of preventing a flow of steam from the main steam line back into a boiler in case of a ruptured tube or surface. When using such a valve as a cutting-In valve, the stem should be raised slightly so that pressure wlll equalize when line pressure is reached and the valve can then be fully opened. A sticky valve may delay opening until a pressure greater than that In the line has been generated and, in the case of a fully raised stem, the valve could go from a closed position to wide-open position with destructive force. 6. While the boiler Is in service, lt must be regularly cleaned of ash and soot. Safety valves should be tried each week, either by raising steam pressure, or by gentle pressure on the lever. Boller must be blown down regularly, the frequency and amount determined by an analysts of the water from the boiler. When the water Is chemically treated for such use and the boiler is equipped with continuous blow-down, the main blowoff valves should, once each twenty-four hours, be opened enough to be sure that the valves are In good operating condition. Blow-downs should be made at periods or low load and, If the gauge glass cannot be seen from the blow-o!I valve, an attendant should be so stationed that he may signal when the proper amount has been blown. oue of Bouer In Service. Wnt.u Level, l\lalnteDJlDC8 of. Fae1 Supply ud IJ&btiDg' Eqaipml!lllt. 6. In a distinct case of low water caused by some unforeseen condition when the cause Is not at once apparent, the fire should be put out In the quickest possible manner and the Chief Operator notified at once. Gauge glasses and water columns should be blown at least once each shift. The muminatlon shall be such that the water level can be readily seen. As any leakage at the water columns may cause a false level to be shown, these must be in good condition at all times. 7. The boiler operator must satisfy himself that he has a sufficient supply of fuel on hand and, In the case of pulverized fuel, that his "light-off" equipment Is In good condition and ready for use a t all times. 8. When a boiler Is being taken off the line and the Boller Ttlkc.D Off non-ret ur n valve has closed, the main steam valve should line. be closed. The pressure should be allowed to drop naturally except that the superheater dra ins should be opened enough to keep condensate from gathering In the headers. Any tendency toward rapid cooling of the furnace by allowing cool air to pass through the setting will cause trouble with brickwork. After the furnace brickwork has lost Its color, a moder ate amount of atr may be admitted. 9. When the steam pressure has dropped to five or Vent Valve. ten pounds, the vent valve on the steam drum should be opened to prevent a vacuum from being formed in the botler. 10. The boiler should not be emptied until the fur- EmJ>ty nace has cooled to a temperature at which one can enter Bouer. and remain in the furnace. 11. While the boiler ls out of service, all internal Inspection. and external parts should be carefully inspected, and leaks of steam or water should be taken up. If necessary, the tubes should be drilled to rid them of scale and sludge. Soot blowers should be inspected to see that no jet is Impinging directly on a tube, as this may cause the tube to be badly cut, making necessary a difficult repair or possibly a renewal of a tube. 12. When making an internal inspection of any unit, Onutlon While or when cleaning the interior of the heating surfaces, Inspootlnr. great care must be taken to guard against the posslbllity of steam or hot water entering the boiler through drains or blow-down valves connected with similar parts of other units under pressure, or the careless opening of a steam or feed valve. Bad cases of scalding have resulted from neglect of this precaution, and the man making Inspection or cleaning must satisfy himself that alf valves to the unit are closed and must place warning signs. 18. Open lights are not . to be used in the steam 0pez, Upta spaces or fire-boxes of a boiler when it Is o!I for in- D~DL spection, repair or washing. The lighting of matches or smoking is dangerous, as accumulations of coal dust in stokers or pulverizers may be released and become Ignited. 14. ·For inspection, repair and washing, only very EleoRlo low-voltage lamps should be used. The electric cap cap Ll>mpa. �13 12 Inspection of All Equipment, RePOn of , lamp la considered safe for this work. Extension cords from the plant's lighting system will not be tolerated for use In the steam spaces of a boiler as, due to the wet or damp condition, a person Is quite susceptible to shock or electrocution. 15. The General Master Mechanic wlll make a thorough inspection of turbines, boilers, pumps, etc., in ract, all equipment In and around the power plant, once each week, and make a written report to the Vice President, Operation once each month. INSTRUCTIONS FOR OPERATION OF DIRECT-FIRED PULVERIZED-FUEL SYSTEMS In order that reliable results may be realized from the use of pulverized fuel, It ts urged that careful attention be given to every detail set forth In these Instructions. REGULAR STARTING Mal<eOANtul 1 . After an Inspection shows that everything In con- Prd.1mln&r7 nection with the direct-fired unit Is In operating order, llupectloa., and If It Is desired to fire pulverized fuel, proceed as follows: A.. See that the following dampers and valves are closed: 1. Induced-draft damper. 2. Forced-draft dampers at burner wlndboxea and secondary-air ports. 3. Fuel-air valves In burner lines. 4. Air-tempering and air-control valves for pulverizer air supply. B. Start the Induced-draft fan. c. Start the forced-draft fan. D. Open the Induced draft damper to provide an air flow of 20 per cent of the maximum which wl11 correspond to a furnace draft of 0.50", and hold this setting for five minutes before Inserting the torch in the furnace. E . Light the oil torch and see that It maintains the proper ftame for lighting off. F. Open valve In burner line to be used and start pulvernzer tan and pulverizer. o. Be sure that the oil torch ls still burning after the fan la operating. H. start the raw-fuel feeder. A.lltiow ~11th dUtferent11al to raise to .75". Longer opera on ... ou pass ng air through the pulverizer la likely to result In a choked pulverizer. �14 Air Oontrol Valve. FaJJme to fnJte. 00 Tordl Rema.In Licht~ 1$ Minute&. .P1AJQO DSo Out. 1. Slowly open the air-control valve supplying air to the pulverizer to the predetermined point. This should Insure quick and good Ignition within five seconds. Furnace conditions should always be observed from a distance through an observation door. J. If the pulverized fuel falls to ignite immediately shut ofl the raw-fuel feeder, pulverizer, pulverize; tan and the oil torch, and close the air control valve. Allow five minutes for the furnace to clear Itself of pulverized fuel. Failure to ignite may b1 due to a poor flame from the oil torch or too lear. a pulverized-fuel mixture caused either by Insuffic ient feed from the feeder or too much alr from the fan to the pulverizer. After the system has been completely purged or the pulverized fuel, light and adjust the oil torch, and start the equipment again according to items F, G, H, and l above with the exception that the fuel-and-air condition should be readjusted to proVide a better pulverized-fuel mixture. IC Open the forced-draft dampers at the burner windbox and the secondary-air ports and adjust the Induced-draft and forced-draft fans to suit operating conditions. The furnace draft should generally be adjusted to 0.25". Operation of the oil torch should never be discontinued before the -Ignition of the pulverized fuel has become self-supporting and stable. This shall mean that the oil t orch must remain lighted in the furnace at least 16 minutes from the time of lighting off and as much longer as Is necessary to Insure a clean, bright coal flame. In lighting off on a cold boiler, the oU torch must remain lighted during each of the short periods while burner is lighted but ,I nspection of on supply must be made on off periods to determine that there Is sufficient oil for the next light o1f. When a pulverized-fuel furnace which has been out of serVice 1s to be relighted, .it shall be the duty of the regular operator to see that all equipment Is In operating condltfon and that the fndlVidual units are started In the regular sequence and shall do the actual lighting off. Another of the boiler operators must be stationed at the Instrument panel where he can observe the Instruments and particularly the flame from the burner. He must remaf.n at posltlon from which he can observe the burner flame until the burner Is operating satisfactorily. Sho11ld the 1lame die out, he shall Immediately stop the pulverizer and shut oft the primary air and also shut ofl steam from the air heater. Then p1·oceed as in Section 6, Paragraph B. (Reduce the air flow through the furnace to 1~ per ce.n t ot the maximum If It 1s not already at that rate or less. However, do not Increase the air flow. Allow five minutes for the furnace to clear Itself of pulverized fuel, then close th1i forced drnft dampers.) The Chief Operator or the General Master Mechanic must observe the lightlug oft ot hollers which have been out of service. L. When there Is more than one pulverlzed-tuel AddlHonal burner connected to the furnace and it is desired Burnen. to place any additional burners in service, the oil torch should be applied to each burner to be lighted. It the burner to be lighted wlil be supplied by a pulverizer not already in operation, It Is advisable to pass cold primary air through the burner tor about five minutes before placf.ng the pulverizer In service according to the regular startIng procedure In order to cool ofl the burner and prevent coking. M. Careful observation of flame conditions should I.Ju AdJast,nent,. made whenever adjustments are made and the Induced draft and forced draft should be adjusted to provide good flame conditions In the furnace. Teu,perstare N. The maximum temperature ot the pulverized-fuel- of Fllel•llDd• and-air mixture leaving the pulverizer should not Air Mll:tme. exceed 130 degrees Fahr. normally and 135 degrees Fahr. should be the maximum or the point where the high-temperature alarm operates. This temperature will vary on account of variation In raw-fuel moisture or the quantity of fuel being pulverized If the quantity and temperature of the a ir supplied to the pulverizer remain constant. In order to keep the outlet temperature within the desired limits, regulation should be accomplished by adjusting the steam valve on af.r heater to r egulate the temperature of the af.r entering the pulverizer and not by reducing the quantity of air. SOOT BLOWING 2 Soot blowing should be done at regular Intervals Soot acc~rdlng to schedule suitable for each Installation and Blowtnr. especially after an initial starting-up period. Soot blowers however should be operated only when the boiler Is i'n normal 'service with a sufficiently high rate ot com- �16 Operote Only When Oxyi:;en Content Is Low Cnul1on With LowVointUe Fnels. 814g Bemovnl. button to .tn.sure a low oxygen content in the flue gases or when the furnace and setting are free from fire and are cold. Before operating the soot blowers, the induced-draft or stack capacity should be sufficient to permit the disturbed conditions, caused by the operation of the soot blowers, being taken care of without resulting in flare-backs or loss of Ignition. The customary procedure is to gradually increase the furnace draft well above the required normal operating condition without effecting an increase in the excess air for the burner conditions. If the maximum induced-draft or stack capacity will not provide sufficient furnace draft to permit normal soot blowing conditions, the necessary furnace draft should be obtained by reducing the fuel and air capacity and being certain that suitable burner conditions are maintained during the soot blowing period. Automatically controlled dampers generally mal.ntaln the normal furnace draft during soot blowing periods as well as during normal operation. However, the excess induced-draft or stack capacity necessary for proper soot blowing conditions should be checked and the rating reduced if found necessary before starting soot blowing operations. Soot blowers should be operated one at a time for best results. 3. When burning low-volatile fuels a large amount of carbon may be in the residue accumulating In the boiler setting. If this accumulation should be on fire either actively or only smouldering, operation of the soot blowers while the boiler is on bank may result in an explosion on account of the smouldering accumulation's being agitated In a supply of air. Soot blowdng on these •Installations should be done at such times that there is a low oxygen content In the flue gases and while the burner conditions are such that the so.ot blowing will not result In loss of ignition. If soot blowing must be done while the boiler la out of service it should not be attempted before the boiler has been out ot service at least eight hours and before being sure that there is no source of Ignition in either the furnace or setting which might ignite any of the dust blown into suspension and possibly result in an explosion. It the dust in the setting contains a high combustible content it may be advisable to operate the soot blowers from rear to front and then from front to rear In order to minimize the effect of the combustible blown Into suspension. 4. When burning fuels having a low ash fusion point, considerable slag is generally deposited In the boiler. In these cases the best results tor removing this slag with the least expenditure of energy can be obtained when the boiler load has been brought down to a light oper- atlng load. Under this condition the decrease in the furnace temperature will allow the slag to chill and be more readily removed by the soot blower. On Installations having more than one pulverizer per boiler, the reduction In the operating load for thi.s purpose can readily be accomplished by changing from two-mill to one-mill operation. On installations having only one pulverizer per boiler but more than one burner, the reduction in the operating load for thi~ purpose can readily be accomplished by changing to one-burner operation. The load carried with either one-mlll or one-burner operation should be at a rate to provide normal burner conditions so that the soot blowing will not result in loss of ignition. LOSS OF IGNITION Pre\1ent Loes 6. When a pulverized-fuel furnace is operated at low of Ignition rating or on active "bank," there is usually a higher by P>-oper than normal percentage of unburned-fuel loss and a pos- Fuel-Air sibility of losing ignition on account or the cooler ~ur- llltxture. nace. Loss of Ignition usually results from variations In the fuel-air ratio and precautions should therefore be taken to obtain and maintain the proper mixture ot the fuel and air. The following precautions should be taken to prevent loss of ignition. A. Operation must be at a sufficiently high rate to maintain ignition with a safe margin. B. The fuel feed should be continuous a-nd steady during the firing periods. c. The supply of air should be proportional to the fuel supply, and any change in the fue_l or air supply should be made gradually and mtRlllgently. D. soot blowers should not be operated during lowrate operation due to causing sudden and uncontrolled changes in the air flow. 6 If ignition Is lost either on account of soot blowing ~r from any other cause, the operator should proceed as follows: A. Stop the pulverizer tfhan, whi;h 1ln"etuedrnerw11Tlhtrllspmoauyt the pulverizer and e raw-1.ue 1. • be done automatically by the use of automatic flame detectors o! manually by the operator who hould have readllY available means for observing ~he flame. Also shut off steam from air-fin heaters and close air control valve. Reduce the air fl.ow through the furnace to 10 per l3. cent of the maximum if it ls not already 11t that �18 rate or less. However, do not increase the o.lr flow. Allow five minutes for the furnace to clear itself of pulverized fuel, then close the forced-draft dampers at the burner windbox and the secondaryair ports. C. Regulate the Induced-draft damper so that the air flow will be 20 per cent of the maximum and start the equipment with one pulverizer and one burner in accordance with the routine covered under "REGULAR STARTING" Section 1, items E, F, G, H, and I. In this case, however, the pulverizer already has some partly pulverized fuel from the previous run and the a!r control valve should be opened slowly immediately after the raw-fuel feeder is started so that the pulverizer wm not become choked. Avoid QaJo4 Ohan,:es. 7. Pulverized-fuel furnaces should be operated by making changes gradually and by avoiding extremes. Even though a wrong condition exists, such as loss of Ignition, a quick change in either reigniting the fuel or 1n changing the rate of air flow should be generally avoided and all changes ·should be made with full knowledge of the existing conditions. REGULAR SHUT-DOWN llepJar Shut-Down. 8. When It ls desired to shut down a direct-fired pulverized-fuel un.it and the unit is coming off the line in the normal way, proceed as follows: A. Shut off steam to air-fin heater. Continue operation for about five minutes or until the pulverized-fuel-and-air mixture leaving the pulverizer is approximately 1 OO degrees Fahr. B. Stop the raw-fuel feeder. C. Stop the pulverizer when empty. When the flame (at the burn.e rs In connection with the pulverizer being shut down) goes out, the pulverizer may be considered empty for shutting-down purposes. The operator will usually notice a more metallic sound being emitted from the pulverizer. D. Close the fuel-air valves In the burner lines. E. Stop the forced-draft fan and close the forceddraft dampers at the burner windbox and the secondary-air ports. F. StoR the induced-draft fan and close the lnduceddratt damper after a five-minute period. EMERGENCY SHUT-DOWN 9. When an emergency shut-down is necessary n11d Emergency there is sufficient time to permit clearing the pulverizer Shut.-Down. proceed as follows: ' A. Shut off steam to air-fin heater. B. Stop the raw-fuel feeder. C. Stop the pulverizer when a decided metallic sound is noted. D. Stop the pulverizer-fan. E . Close the air-control valve and the valves iu the fuel-air lines In the burner lines. F. Stop the forced-draft fan and close the forceddraft dampers at the burner wiudbox and the secondary-air ports. G. Stop the induced-draft fan and close the Induceddraft damper, after a five-minute period. FORCED SHUT-DOWN 10 . . In case a shut-down of· the pulverizing equipment occurs and the pulverizer has not bee.i run empty (caused by an electrical trip-out of some of the equipment in the electrical interlock), the equipment should again be put into service within thirty minutes after the shut-down according to the method described undei· ."REGULAR STARTING" except that the air control valve supplying air to the pulverizer should be opened slowly immediately after the raw-fuel feeder has been started since the pulverizer already has a supply of partly pulverized fuel and a delay in passing air through the pulverizer may result in a choked pulverizer. Operate the equipment with the pulverized-fuel being fired tor about 15 minutes. 11 it is then desired to discontinue operation, the equipment should be shut down in the normal way by running the pulverizer empty as described under "REGULAR SHUT-DOWN." If the equipment cannot be started within thirty min- Inspect utes after the shut-down and if the pulverizer is hot, Pulverizer open the access door and air port clean-out doors care- For Fire, fully and inspect the pulverizer for fire. If no fire Is found start the equipment as noted above. In case a fire !; found in the pulverizer, quickly close the access door and the air port clean-out doors and proceed as noted under "FIRES IN PULVERIZERS" Section 11. �21 20 FIB-ES IN PULVERIZERS 1'1re9.l.n Pulverhen. mum Imposalble to Bun Pulverizer Empty. 11. A pulverizer stopped in an emergency is likely to have considerable partly pulverized fuel iu it and if the pulverizer ls hot and allowed to stand in this condition for some time, the fuel may ignite. To reduce this possibility we have recommended under "FORCED SHUT-DOWN" that the equipment should again be put into service as soon as possible after a shut-down of the pulverizing equipment occurred if the pulverizer had not been run empty. If it is impossible to run the pulverizer empty, proceed as follows: A. If the shut-down occurred while the air-and-fuel mixture leav-ing the pulverizer was at or over 135 degrees Fahr., and there is no fire in the pulverizer, clean out the pulverizer by hand as soon after the shut-down as possible. B. If the shut-down occurred while the air-and-fuel mixture leaving the pulverizer was less than 130 degrees Fahr., the partly pulverized fuel may be left in the pulverizer provided operation will be resumed within three ( 3) hours. C. If the shut-down will exceed three ( 3) hours, it Is advisable to clean out the pulverizer by hand as soon as possible and take advantage of this 011portunity to inspect the pulverizing equipment. If a fire does occur in a shut-down pulverizer, the overator should proceed as follows: A. See that steam is shut off air-fin heater. The other valves in connection with the pulverizer are normally closed as routine operation during a shutdown, however, check that these other valves (namely, the al.r -control valve and the fuel-air valves in the burner lines) are closed. B. Open the air port clean-out doors, one at a time and drench the interior at the air ports with the discharge from a chemical fire extinguisher or steam. Close the clean-out doors. The operator should stay out of direct line of the clean-out openings. C. Repeat the drenching at the air port clean-out doors for one-half hour at intervals of about ten minutes. D. Open the access door carefully, taking precautions that any gas which may have been generated during the period of the fire will not ignite, and drench the interior with the discharge of a fire extinguisher or steam. When the fire has been extln- guished and the fuel has been cooled below the Ignition temperature and after any poisonous gases which may have been in the pulverizer have escaped, the pulverizer should be cleaned out so that it is certain that there Is no trace of fire or smouldering remains. Air in any way should never be used for cleaning pulverized-fuel equipment suspected of containing fire, and we consider the use of vacuum cleaning systems for cleaning pulverizers as hazardous at any time. E. Inspect and clean out the pulverizer windbox, air inlet ducts, outlet pipes, pulverizer fan, and feeder of any residual fire. F. When certain that the pulverizer and related equipment is clear of all traces of fire, the equipment may again be put into operation according to the normal procedure. 12. Fires in pulverizers during operation are of very ~ ~ e r a Infrequent occurrence. They may, however, originate 1n Operot1on. from a variety of causes, such as: A. Too high temperature of air to the pulverizer. B. Fire in raw-fuel bunker. c. Fire started in idle equipment by welding or burning operations. Equipment should always be inspected after these operations. Welding or burning operations inside any piece of pulverized-fuel equipment should not be started without first taking some precautionary measures to prevent sparks or molten metal from starting a possible fire. D. There is some evidence that coal high in pyrites is more susceptible to ignition than other coal. In addiUon to the fact that fires in operating pulverizers are infrequent and those that do occur are usually put out without damage or even interrupting operat_ion, the occurrence of fire must be looked upon as serious and should be dealt with promptly and adequately. The object of au methods of dealing with this class of fires is to smother them by reducing the oxygen (air) to a point where combustion will not be supported. A fire in an operating pulveri~er usually makes its presence known by an dncrease m the outlet fuel-air temperature that cannot be accounted fo_r by changes either in the raw-fuel moisture or the air-inlet temperature Moreover this increase in outlet temperature is udden and of ~onsiderable magnitude, usually of the ~rder of 100 degrees Fahr. or more- the'maxlmum normal outlet temperature should not exceed 135 degrees Fahr. �22 S111JJeekd Flze ln Opera~ Palvmtzer. IC a fire Is suspected in an operating pulverizer, the operator should proceed as follows: A. Increase the raw-fuel feed to the pulverizer to the maximum pulverizer capacity. If the pulverizer ls f~~~ar:e ~!~~~:f r!!d u;:~i:tu~c;!~!~1~Y, be sure B. Change over from hot- to cold-air operation. Avoid increasing or making sudden changes in the air flow through the pulverizer and boiler. C. It the temperature rise of the outlet air ls checked and starts to return towards normal in a few minutes, continue operation until the normal outlet temperature is restored. The pulverizer capacity may then be reduced according to operating demands. However, if the pulverizer capacity is reduced, be sure that the air flow through the pulverizer Is also reduced so as to keep a rich fuel-air mixture in the pulverizer. D. Special precautions should be taken to see that the raw-fuel feed is not interrupted during the entire time that a fire l.s suspected. If the raw-fuel feed should be interrupted, immediately shut down the pulverizer-fan which will also trip out the pulverizer and feeder and close all valves connected to the pulverizer. E. It the temperature rise of the outlet air ls not checked and does not start to return towards normal in fifteen minutes after having changed from preheated to cold air, proceed as follows: Jo 23 cleaned and all the equipment in connection with the unit should be carefully Inspected before the unit Is again put into service. A fire in the raw:fuel bin should be looked upon as Flres In serious and should be dealt with promptly and adequate- Fuel Bln8. ly the same as a fire discovered in an operating pulverizer. The fire should be smothered It po~slble_ and in bins provided with covers steam may be piped into the bin. In open-top bins steam may be piped into the affected area. After the fire has been smothered, the bln should be run empty and in feeding this raw fuel to the pulverizer special care should be taken. that the P?,1verlzer Is being fed continuously :Lt maXJ!Ilum capacity with the least possible air flow. Continuity of feed at this time ls especially important in order to safeguard against a possible hazardous condition. If for any reason the feed to the pulverizer should stop, the pulve_rizing equipment should be shut down immediately by tr1p~!ng out the pulverizer-fan, which trips out the pulverizer and feeder through the electrical lnterl~ck, and all valves in connection with the pulverizer should be _closed to prevent a draft through the pulverizer. If inspection t the pulverizing unit then proves that no fire 1s pres~nt and .the cause for the feed interruption has been ed the unit should again be put into service to remov , the emptying of the raw-fuel bin. This subsecontlnue ratin eriod should be observed just as care-• iu ~nt op~he P!rfod before the interruption took place 1 a!dys:~uld continue until the raw-fuel bin is empty. 1. Close the air-control valve. 2. Shut down the pulverizer-fan, which wlll also trip out the pulverizer and feeder through the electrical dnterlock. Close the fuel-air valves in the burner lines. 3. Proceed to take care of the firn as described in Section 11 covering fires in pulverizers which are shut down. FmEs IN OTHER EQUIP.l\lENT OF PULVERIZEDFUEL SYSTEMS Flrea ln Othtt Equipment. 13. A tire found in any other part of the pulverizedfuel system, as between the pulverizer and the burners, should be smothered, and drenched with the discharge from a chemical fire extinguisher or steam. However, nny accumulation of fine dust should not be disturbed and drafts over the area on fire should be avoided. After the fire has been smothered, the equipment should be . d to the Babcock & Wilco,: Co7?pany, _Ser11ice 11'e are indebte • • in the dra/tinf oJ these 1nstructwns. Department, for assi.stm(l �24 211 ELECTRICAL STANDARDS Geaern.1 lmtruot.to,u. The mine foreman, who is held responsible under the law for the safety and general condition of the mine, le recognized as the man in authority In and about the m.!ne. The mine electricians are expected to follow the orders of the mine foreman .In the performance of routine work, repairs, and the Installation of such extensions as may be required in the regular operation of the mine. They will also receive orders from the local chief electrician as to the general methods and special work when necessary. The extensive use of electricity in our mines raises many problems which require special training that a mine foreman should not be called upon to acquire. The mine electrician should be impressed with the necessity of observing improper conditions and reporting them to the proper authorities, with suggestions covering their remedy. ' The following rules and regulations are to be considered as standard for the use of electricity, both underground and on the surface, at the mines of The Union Pacific Coal Company. They will be enforced, and are hereby understood to be in force and effect as of this date. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 1. At each mine there shall be posted a plan map Electrlcat showing the mine wiring, cables, conductors and the Jo- Map. cation of permanently Installed electrical machinery, the legend s.h own thereon to be as follows: Yellow-High Voltage (2300 V.). Red-Low Voltage A. C. Brown- Low Voltage D. C. Mining machines, pumps, hoists, locomotives, tans, etc., shall be designated by note. These plans will be revised by the local Chief Electrician at intervals not exceeding six months, and oftener when necessary. 2. A rigid, systematic and careful Inspection of all Impect1on. electrical equipment, cables and supply lines shall be made monthly, a report of this inspection to be forwarded to the office of the General Manager In Rock Springs. NOTE: This inspection shall cover the points outlined under headlng-"Instructions to Persons Inspecting Electrical Equipment.~• 3. In all future installations within the mines, the Voltage. voltage shall not exceed 2300. This potential, which may be brought in and applied to motor-generator sets, hoists, pumps or other apparatus upon the recommendation of the Vice President, Operation, shall be installed under the direction of the Chief Electrician. Mining machines locomotives or small capacity motors (less than 25 H. P./ shall not have a voltage in excess of 275. Special attention shall be paid to the proper mounting Proper of all equipment, enclosing wherever possible in steel or lllountlng. transite-board boxes all devices such as switches, current transformers, potential transformers and rheostats. Permanent installations, before bein&" approved and Imtall11Uon AJ)proval. placed in operation must be thoroughly mspected by the Pnlntllll'Chief Electrician o~ local Chief Electrician and shall be properly painted. Light-colored paint shall be used on all underground installations. �26 GROUNDING Groandlng. Size. 1. The frames, casings or inclosures of all stationary electrical apparatus, such as motors, motor-generator sets, rotary converters, transformers, starting and control apparatus, oil switches, cable sheaths, conveyors, hoists, or other equipment that may become accidentally charged with electric current, shall be grounded. (By grounding is meant making a permanent connection to the general mass of ear.th in such a manner as • will insure at all times an immediate discharge of electric energy to the earth without da.n ger.) .A thotough inspection of all ground connections will be made every thirty days. 2. Ground wires shall not be smaller than No. 4 B & S gauge and need not be larger than 00 B & S gauge. 3. Gr ound wire connections to the apparntus shall GrollDd be made by means of an approved clamp or terminals Term1nala. soldered to the ground wire and securely bolted to the apparatus where its removal wm be unnecessary for inspection and repairs. 4. All ground connections shall be made to pipe l!nes, Oonnectl.ona track, or to buried ground plates or pipes which shall be to Groimd. in contact with permanently moist earth, these connections to be mechanically secured and soldered, welded or clamped. (Fig.l.) 6. All ground connections shall be approved by the Approval. local Chief Electrician and, in case any doubt exists as to the rellab!lity of ground connections as designated RETURN '"'" ,. ....: ¥ f, Ear}h and Copper Su lphatt filling- IS in beck fill ... "·"~~:.~.,;:}~~- u· i; ffi~ oa lbs. Copptr ~ulpha•e :rroiling Cable FRAME GROUND LACK• Return REEN· Framo, 9round :;~ "--" To!aldt~h -1-o bf. vericd .f-o .I) securc.pcl-rna• ntn}l11 mois,1c., r }h 3 Cond. No.2 MIiier PIUQ Black GrHn ~ ~ 11• " O'~ ~ r. 'l'Diam. - ---t Fig. 1- How Grounds Are Made. Method used to obtain low-re11lstant ground connections for lightning arresters and electric machinery. UnleBS 11peclal means are used, good ground11 cannot be obtained In dry localities. Electric protective equipment Is valueless without an eftlclent ground contact. Connections s hould be made to pipe lines wherever possible. GROUNDING MOBILE TYPE EQUIPMENT. Fig. 2- �28 Groand 'IVll'e In Pipe. Stmnded Groand 'IVll'e. Oontillulcy. !llnln1t Machin& Oroand1. 29 in the foregoing paragraph, he shall withhold approval until sufficient ground connections have been made to serve the purpose for which intended. 6. Ground wires should be straight and as short as possible and, where necessary to run in conduit, the ground wire shall be electrically bonded thereto. 7. Solid wire may be used as a ground conductor, excepting that stranded conductor shall be used to ground apparatus subject to movement or excessive vibration. 8. Ground wires shall be installed in such a way that they may be inspected for continuity and will be protected from mechanical injury. 9. For method of grounding D.C. mining machines and other types of mobile eqUipment, see Figure 2. Wherever three conductor cables are in use, the frame ground conductor shall be green, the return conductor black, and the hot conductor white. Cable code: 3-conductor: White 2---<:onductor: White Green Black Black 10. Tran.sformer cases, oil switches and supporting fr ames shall be effectively grounded. 11. The secondary of one transformer of each 3 Tnuiaformer phase bank shall be grounded at the point which brings Oroandlng, about the lowest voltage from ground to live conductor. (Fig, 3.) 12. Single phase lighting transformers shall have the case and one side of the secondary grounded. (Fig. 4.) 13. All 2300-volt motors d r iv in g motor-generator Duplicate sets, hoists, or fans or general-purpose motors shall be Groand,. provided with duplicate ground connections. Ground connections leading in different routes are preferred. Iron conduit, although grounaed, connecting the motors w111 not be considered as constituting a ground conductor. mo Y. Primary-. '· Hoh. t Whc.rc. 110,-,lt li9Min3 <1rc..,,:h ,,. 111ul, ent r,, •f u wiMn'!I ,twll h • ,,o rulc.tl. Fig. 4-Protecting An Open-Delta and Single- Phase Connection. A-'l'he ,secondary circuit ma.y be grounded either at the midpoint of a transformer winding or by making an earth connection to one of the line w ires. I n all Instances the casings of the transformers should always be grounded, B,--Thls arrangement Is usual for lighting transformers, but In all Instances the tank should be grounded and also the midpoint of the secondary winding or a line wire. Fig, 3--Permanent Grounds. Transformer cases should be grounded In such a manner -that the earth contact ls not disturbed during ordinary Inspection and repair work. It the midpoint of a transformer secondary winding ls not accessible one seconda17 line should be grounded. ' Botary 14. Transformer secondaries supplying rotary con- Converter verters shall not be grounded. {See Fig. 6.) Gzounds. 15. Lightning arresters shall have adequate ground ~,;.t;:, connections. �30 wtrmnent Grounds, 31 16. The cases of all instruments, relays and meters shall be grounded with No. 12 B & S gauge copper wire. Secondary circuits of potential and current transformers shall be grounded with a conductor not smaller than the conductor of the secondary circuit. F1g. 0 No Grounds Used on Transformers for Rotaries. There Is a physical circuit connection b e t we e n the alternating I current energy and lI the direct-current supply in a rotary Trt:tnsfiirmer : converter, consesecondary 1 quently, since the g~ndeo'-7! direct-current sys. I tem ls normally I grounded, another earth connection made to the secondary wires or the transformers creates a s h ort circuit around a part of the rotary winding For Instance, It line No. 1 la grounded, current from A goes through }he motor and returns to the rotary via two paths ohne to A and the other to point C through line No 1 Thue t e section of the winding between C and A' Is ;h,;rt cir cu 1ted. • BONDING 1. IT IS MANDATORY THAT ALL BONDS FOUND Repl11clng OR KNOWN TO BE DEFECTIVE OR BROKEN BE RE- Broken PLACED ON THAT SHIFT OR BEFORE THE BEGIN- Boad s. NING OF THE SUCCEEDING SHIFT. (See Rule 8.) 2. All tracks used as a conductor tor electric cur- 1'111<:ement. rent shall be bonded at every joint and cross bonded at Intervals not _exceeding 300 feet. 3. Bonds at s witches, frogs a nd turnouts shall be Switch applied as shown in Fig, 6. Bondlng. 1 Fig. o-BondiDg Around Switches. A well-bonded rail system may easily be spoiled by a arrangement of bonds at sw itches and turnouts. The Pfor should be to obtain a two-rail path for current both !r~und the switch and to the tracks leading therefrom. Kind, 4 All bonds shall be of the arc-weld type and shall be welded to the base of the rail on the inside of the track, and of sufliclent length to span splice bars or fish plates unless otherwise approved. NOTE: • Bonds shall be 4" longer than splice bars or fish plates. Weldlng, 6 Bonds shall be welded in such a way as to give proper conductivity and permit of complete salvage. (See Fig. 7,) h 6 All track bonding shall be given a thorough P ysical· Inspection every three months, and ,a report of the findings forwarded to the General Manager at Rock Springs. Open FIAmO Bonding and the use of an open flame blow torch Torches. 7 •Iectrical work may only be done on the offshlft ~!rfods, and then the proper safeguards must be taken to avert accident from this cause. �33 S2 Ffg. 7 The p r I m a r y thought In applyIng a bond should be to obtain high conductivity at the joint. However, It should be done In such a manner that the bond may be completely salvaged, so that they will be better pro~~v tected and yet be easily removed • -Kupwela'welll:ock when It Is necesP/4"-·"r-f'rom,flleh,"i!I fo sary to do so. •• permii chisel t~ing Bonds should be in~~rtecl whm remo:rin9 welded to the Inside section of the base ot the rail. &p:,.J.rlnj; Bl'oken Bonds. 1Dspecl1ng Bolld9. 8. When it ls necessary to make temporary repairs to one or more broken track bonds, a suitable section of 4-0 bare copper wire should be fastened to broken bonds with two ½-inch Crosby clips, as in Fig. 8, permanent repairs to be made without delay. All bonds should be thoroughly inspected every thirty days. OU fC-t l't'l O UNGOMOt. O Joo,,. TROLLEY WIRES 1. Trolley wires shall be No. 4-0, B and S Gauge Typo llDd grooved, and shall be supported on hangers of Type O. Sizes. B. Cat. No. 11,309 and clamps O. B. Cat. No. 14,489, or equivalent. · 2. The height of trolley wire above the ran shall Height. be made as uniform as practicable. 3. Trolley wires shall be placed so as to give the Alignment. maximum practical clearance and shall be kept in as straight a line as possible. They shall have a maximum height of not to exceed 6 ½ feet and a minimum of not less than 4 feet. 4. On straight runs the hangers shall be placed not Bnni;er Spa.clng OD more than 20 feet apart where the height of the roof Stffllgbt above the track ls 6 feet or less, and not more than 26 RW18 nnd feet apart where the roof is more than 6 feet above the Ourvcs. track. On curves the hangers shall be so placed that the trolley wire at any one hanger may be entirely disconnected without exposing the locomotive runner to danger of contact. 6. Underground trolley circuits over 2,000 feet in Se<:UOlllr length shall be sectionalized at least every 1,500 feet nllzlng. by placing In the line a switch, right or left hand as required, by which the line can be entirely disconnected trom the source of supply. All branch trolley lines shall be provided with a frog at the point where they leave the main, and also with an automatic switch Installed at or near the frog by which the branch wm automatically be disconnected from th e main. (F ig. 9. ) Ffg, 9 Ffg. 8--Temporary Bonds. r.tnf~rline • of trollflY f'rog ..:::;; ~fion~ ins,,ltrlor switch OS speciFJ«I Underground trolley circuits should be laid out BO that a section Insu lator switch Is located every 1,600 ft. In the line. Branch circuits should be e quipped with a a ectl on Insulator swi tch at th e point where a tap la taken from a main t r olley w ire. 6 Appropriate signs designating locations of dtscon- ~.~on nectfng switches shall be placed along the line. �34 AutomAtlc Switehef,. 35 7. Automatic cutout switches similar to that shown In O. B . Cat. No. 9,034, shall be installed at partings to cut current off wires when not requir ed. In this case a special light circuit shall be run to serve the parting. LIGHTING AND LIGHT WIRES 1. Electric lamps shall be installed at all partings, Location. switches, passage~ys that cross haulageways, workrooms, pumps, hoist, and motor-generator rooms and other points as the mine foreman may direct. • . 2. Portable lamps shall be fitted with rubber-clad Portnble cord (similar to Tlrex), and the lamp shall be protected l'..omps. with a wire guard of the Protex type. 3. Lighting wires shall be attached to trolley or Trolley power lines by O. B. current tap, which will permit the Attuclunent. circuit's being disconnected while the base of a broken lamp is removed. 4. All wiring shall be supported on porcelain in- ll[cthod ot sulators, and when the track is used as a return for the Instnll1nl,. lighting circuits the return wire shall be attached to the track by bonding to the rail or by attachment to regular bonding. (Fig. 11.) 6. The ground connection shall be made of not less \ VI.re Size than No. 8 B & S Gauge copper wire which shall be 10• Licht buried below the surface of the floor and carried to the Orouncb. side of the entry and thence on porcelain Insulators to the roof. 6. All electric lamps connected to trolley lines for Voltago. lighting underground shall be 276 volts. 8. All trolley Jines shall be dead-ended by an Insulated turnbuckle and dead-end cam grip similar to O. B. Company, Cat. No. 14,630 and U, 794, same to be suspended from hook or eyebolt of appropriate design. (Fig. 10.) ~ 1 1 # (1r/1,1~~ lkaa·End Com 6ri,o. ~•l<l•l•hM•l•l•l•il➔ 1 I .,•.,.,,,.,,i,,,,,.,.,,,,,,q{~51=-·=,,=·=== { \ ,• 'l,uvhred T,;rnbuckle \'/)Md End Hook (Installed a.s .shown er plac~d horizontal(y and onc:hcrt!d to a tlmbt,r} Fig. 10-Standard Dead-End For Trolley Wire. FJg. 11 The haulage system of a mine Is so Important t hat -It Is necessary to Install all feeder and trolley circuits In a safe manner. .!li:, auru.o h h Mf ho J-t~•M'f....,.,41,I••- J t •k ef • II i..,wi,,,...,•:11. f! H "" .. ,... flaM••••••••s ....._ .,,....u."' ,.,.. ,. ,-•••l" ,..-i.~.o..--i~ 7 G All sockets wm be weatherproof type (slmllar to Socket Type El. Cat. No. 60,666). Light wiring shall be not less Conneotlon•. than No. 12 B and S Gauge, rubber covered, and shall ~ be supported on porcelain insulators or split knobs and held free from timbers, coal and rock. �36 InslllAtor Tl'J>eand Faatm!Di;. BolbllepJDCemeDt. Two Wire Olrcalt Imalntlon. Prorulon to~ ni.conneetlon. 37 8 Wires may be fastened to glass insulators, screw or ~ood pins driven into the root or on No_. 3 ½ .~· G;; porcelain insulators fastened to timbers mth % WxSi½ a screws with a %" cut washer under head. res !n~st not be nailed to posts either with or without insulators. 9 Lamp bulbs shall be replaced only by the Mine Ele~trician or a person authorized by him. 10 With all two-wire circuit installations, wherein one ~ire constitutes a permanently grounded return, the ground wire shall be installed in the same manner and afforded the same support and insulation as the Uve or supply wire. 11 Any branch two-wire circuit leaving a main circuit ~hall be provided with a double-pole fused switch of the safety enclosed type to protect the wires leading from it and for cutting off all current within the branch circuit. CABLES AND POWER LINES 1. Electric conductors shall not be permitted tn any Locntlon. return air course unless permission In writing Is first o~talned from the General Manager and the Safety Ensmeer. In case this permission is granted, the cables so installed shall be lead covered and armored. 2. All wires or cables crossing hoisting slopes, panels Crossings nt and or traveling ways, when subject to mechanical injury, Slop& Ma.n,ray. shall be carried under the roadbed or track In iron conduit at such a depth that they wm be free from injury. 3. For low-voltage conductors the live wire shall Conductor have rubber insulation (660-Volt Classification) and shall 660-V, C~cnbe provided with two woven weather-proof braids. The tton. grounded wire may be bare. 4. In panels the cable Is to be carried In the passage- Ptu1el Power way parallel to the panel slope. Supply. 6. Each section of the mine operating mechanical Clrcalt loaders shall be equipped with automatic recloslng cir- Brcnkers. cuit breakers and a disconnecting switch ahead of each circuit breaker. 6. All 2300-volt power circuits leading underground SW'fo.ce shall be provided at the surface with a disconnecting Dlsoonncctswitch in each conductor capable of opening the circuit lni; SU'lteb. under load. (Fig. 12.) ,,,,Gro11nd No.1MS. Copper No. I- Slrain lnsvla-1-or. /'lo. 2- 0/sconnec-hng Swt'.fch, as spec/.r/ed. No. 3- Rrr~shr; as specified. No.4 • Pofhead or Condulef, (Crmdulel- preferred) si'ze depending upon size anel kt'nd of cable. Ffg, 12-Prot.ect All Cables 2300 olt energy must be taken Inside the Wherever wire ·:hould be protected by a disconnecting mines, eacg lightning arrester. Provision should also be awltch an any or all ot the line wires by means ot a 0 : ;.~~ht<;,r of single switches. 1:r8r':iup �39 38 Type, ContlnuJty and Grolllld1. 7. All 2300-volt cables 1n damp or wet places, in bore-holes or underground, shall be lead covered and armored. The armor shall be electrically contfnuons throughout and shall be effectively grounded. Ca.bles Balled. 8. Buried cables shall be leaded and armored or placed in metallic conduit. cutout,. CAbles for Pemianontly Dry llllnu. 8np,POrt '111d Grolllldlng-. Cnbte Spuc.. nnd Tnp9. 9. Underground cables leading to motors, ana particularly those remotely situated from other points of disconnection, shall be provided with oil circuit breakers. 10. In permanently dry mines the lead sheath ma y be omitted if the cable is provided with a rubber belt around all conductors and enclosed In a metallic armor to protect it against injury from abrasion. 11. Cables in entries or passageways shall be supported by cable rings on messenger wire. The supporting messenger wire shall be effectively grounded at Intervals not exceeding 600 feet. 12. Cable splices and taps shall be insulated "1th varnished cambric or rubber and friction tape which shall be equivalent to the Insulation of the cable itself. The completed joint shall be painted with two coats of No. 1206 Glyptal Lacquer, and two hours allowed for each coat to dry. After the se~ond coat is thoroughly dry, the joint shall be served w1th metallic armor similar to that used on cable, and soldered band wires should be provided at the ends of the armor to hold it in pl~ce. 13. 1,000,000 c.m. cable shall be a minimum for power circuits emanating from 300 KW motor-generator sets converters, or rectifiers. ' 14. A metallic return circuit shall be provided for each conversion unit. SIGNAL AND PHONE LINES TELEPHONE LINE S SHALL NOT BE IN- tnstallnllon. STALLED ON THE SAME SIDE OF AN ENTRY AS POWER LINES. 2. EVERY PRECAUTION SHALL BE TAKEN TO Precaution In PREVENT CONTACT OF TELEPH ONE AND SIGNAL tnstnllntlon. WIRES WITH POWER LINES. 3. IN SO FAR AS THE F OLLOWING SIGNALS APPLY, THEY SHALL BE USED WITHIN TH E MINE ON T HE T ELEPHONE SYSTEM. A PRINT, 8 1/4 "x10¾.", SH OWING THE CALLS, SHALL BE POSTED AT EACH PH ONE. THE LETTERING USED SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN ¼. " HIGH AND INSTRUCTIONS COVERING THE USE OF SWITCHES SHALL BE SHOWN THEREON. Tipple 3 short. 1 short, 1 long, 1 short. Outside hoist 3 long. Mine office 1 short, 1 long. Mine Foreman 1 short, 1 long. Machine Boss 2 long. Rope runner 1 tong, 1 short. Sub-slope hoist Sub-slope rope rider or Parting 1 long, 2 shorts. 4. TELEPHONE AND SIGNAL LINES BETWEEN Out<1ldo Instnllatlon. THE MINE OPENINGS AND BUILDINGS SHALL BE IN UNDERGROUND CONDUIT WHEREVER THERE IS POSSIBILITY OF THEIR COMING IN CONTACT WITH THE HIGH-VOLTAGE LINES, THROUGH ACCIDENT TO THE HIGH-VOLTAGE LINE OR TO THE SIGNAL OR PHONE LINE. of 6. Ml.ne telephones shall be of W. E. Co.'s type 1336J, Typo Telephone. or its equivalent. Slg'tllll Lino 6. At points where wlr~s enter the mine they shall Protectors. be protected by a W. E. Co. s Type 68 A. P. protector Installed in a wood box lined with n-lnch asbestos board. 7 Telephone wire shall be rubber covered and shall be ~upported In the same manner as low-voltage power 1. Slg;nnl Wire un:s. All slope signal wires sh-all be No. 9 Birmingham Size. Wlr~ Gauge or equivalent, and shall carry not more than 30 vol~~pports for slope signal wires shall not be more SuP.P<>rt for Signal w.ire. 9 tha~ 20 feet apart and the distance between wires shall be 6 inches. All wires shall be drawn taut and extend the full length of the slope. Line 10 Telephone and signal lines liable to make con- Phone ProteoUnn. t t 'wtth high-voltage power lines shall, at the point a: they enter the buildings, be protected with a W. _; ~: 's type 5 8 A. p. protector Installed tn a wood box uited ~Ith ¾-inch asbestos board. �40 41 OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTING LINES Pole Sp:iclng. wpeetlon. cross-nnn,i. Clr,:uila on On>ss-nrmo. Vertlcnl Blee1'11, S11':un ln!,,,lntol'B. Climbing Sp:iee. Crou-nrm Spacing. Oolldnctor Slz.ea. An overhead distributing line is taken to mean any circuit or aggregation of circuits on poles, including supporting elements, that are used for supplying electrical energy at a potential not exceeding 2300 volts. It includes motor, lighting, signal and telephone circuits, etc. 1. Pole spacing shall be 100 feet in streets and alleys. 2. Pole lines shall be inspected every two years to determine cond.itlon of butts below the ground line. This Inspection shall consist of digging at least 18 inches below the ground line and adjacent to the pole and the condition of the wood determined by a blow from a digging bar. In addition, it shall be the duty of any employe, whose duty it may be to climb a pole, to assure himself, by visual or other Inspection, that the butt is In good condition and that the pole l.s safe to work upon. 3. All lines shall be Inspected every two months to determine their general condition. 4. Cross-arms shall have a center pin spacing of 30 inches and a side pin spacing of 14½ inches. 6. All wires of the same circuit shall be carried on the same cross-arm. 6. Vertical risers on poles from underground cables shall be enclosed in a metal conduit. 7. Guy wires shall have an interlocking strain insulator which shall be located so as to give 6 feet of h orizontal clearance from the pole guyed. 8. All poles to which guys are attached shall be protected with guy shims and guy hooks. 9. For climbing space on poles see Figs. 13 and 14. 10. Cross-arms carrying power wires of the same voltage shall have a vertical spacing of 24 inches. 11. Cross-arms carrying signal and telephone wires shall have a vertical spacing not less than 48 inches from power lines. 12. Material and minimum size of conductors shall be as follows. 2300-volt lines, No. 4 B. and S. Gauge M.H.D. Copper. ll0/220-volt lines, No. 6 B. and s. Gauge M.H.D. Copper. Signal and telephone lines, No. 9 B. w. G., E. B. B. galv. Iron wire. Pole steps shall be %"x9" gal. Iron. Legend: Legenaa. M. H. D.-Medlum Har d Drawn. D. W. G.-Blrmlng• ham Wire Gauge. E. B. B.-Extra Best Best. Fig. lS , Crossorms .or j IU./..A.mzno'orr:I ·---~ •ClimbitfgSp«tJJO" Climbing space provided by setting au wires on the cross-arms so that none comes c I o s e r than 16 Inches to the center line ot the pole. Thoo a 30-ln. space le always Jcept. Fig. 14 There le no need tor the lineman to wind around the pole to get to the uppermost w Ir ea When b u c k a r m construction Is properl y maintained. Note the 30x30 In. climbing sppce ls maintained on one s ide ot the p nle. , ~-,t__ / ..._G.t. Horizcnfal di. tronpc!,lo.tro �43 WIRING OF SURFACE BUILDINGS WIRING IN UNDERGROUND STATIONS The following rules include such places as hoist, pump and motor-generator stations, repair rooms, Mine Foreman's cabin, toolrooms, etc.: lnat"11atton. Swttcll Tn>o, Wire•. Jillled Llahte. Reoopuicles for Porlnl>lee. 1. Wiring for lights shall be Installed In metal conduit. 2. Each room shall be provided with a safety type of entrance switch. 3. Wire shall not be smaller than No. 12 B. and S. gauge and sh-all be rubber covered. 4. Ceiling lights shall be in fixed positions. 6. Receptacles shall be installed on opposite sides of the room for attaching portable lamps where necessary. 6. No more than six lights sha.ll be Installed on any one circuit. Grounclmlr, Ugh!• Bt Explosive Dl5tr1butln&' Stations. wulllted Pla.tfonne. 7. All conduit shall be grounded. 8. No wiring tor lights shall be carried within 5 feet of any underground explosive distributing station and special attention shall be given to all electric installations In the vicinity of such stations. 9. An insulated platform or rubber matting shall be provided at all permanent underground electric installatio~s r~gardl~ss of voltage-pumps, generator sets hoists main line SWltch boxes, etc. ' ' AND TIPPLES 1. All buildings shall be wired in metal conduit M&lhod. special attention being given· to neatness and the prope; support and Installation of fittings. 2. The voltage to be used for such work shall not be Voltace. greater than 250 volts. Ele(ltr!O 3. Electric heaters will be installed only with the writ- Heatere ten approval of the General Manager. Electric heaters in lllld Gru>.rch, weigh rooms shall be stationary and connected to separate circuits from lighting circuits. They shall be protected with suitable guards to prevent inflammable material from coming within 8 inches of the heating elements. ~Be•t&t- 4. Motors In dusty places shall be installed in sepa- lD;- Roolllll rate rooms which shall be made fire resisting by lining ror Moton. with metal lath coated with cement plaster or by metal and wire glass construction. Motors, switches and controls in dusty places shall be of dust-tight construction and installation. 6. Motor wiring shall be Installed in metal conduit. Motor Special attention shall be given to guarding exposed \Vlnng. conductors and parts that may give electric shock. 6. Motor frames, starting compensators and control Gromulo. equipment shall be effectively grounded. 7. on switches now equipped with series trip coils SeoondBrY shall be provided with secondary trip coils operated by 'l'rl.p 0o11a. current transformers placed in the high-voltage circuit. Non-Freezing 8. Starting compensators, controllers and switches OIL containing oil, the freezing of which will render the apparatus less effective, aha.II be filled with non-freezing on. 9 .All knife switches shall be of the safety enclosed ~ typ~, and shall have a steel box enclosing same which shall be effectively grounded. 10. surface powder houses may be wired for electric ID lights (110 volts) but only under the direct supervision nouaea. of the Chief Electrical Engineer. 11. Adequate insulated platforms or rubber mats shall be provided and used as a protection In handling or JI.fats. nll electric switches. ~o~i:,. = �44 HOISTS Ftrep,oc,flni;:. Groaods. lnl1al1AtloD, Reslalor lllouatbl~. Permanent hoist rooms are to be fireproofed, In a manner determined by the General Manager, with the approval of the Safety Engineer. (Temporary locations are those wherein the machine will be In service In one position less than 6 months.) 2. Hoist motor, controller, control equipment, oil switches, cable sheaths; current, potential, power and lighting transformers; switchboard frames, resistance boxes, and supporting frames, shall be grounded as heretofore provided. 3. There shall be installed at each hoist and mechanical loader installation suitable disconnecting switches to open each conductor for the purpose of inspection or· repair. At all 2300 volt installations, porcelain enclosed cut-outs shall be installed to disconnect all power from the equipment involved, this installation to be made at the location of the equipment. 4. Resistors shall be mounted on concrete bases or supported on pipe frame work so that the bottom of the resistor will be at least one foot from the floor and shall be 24 Inches removed from the coal ribs so as not to present a fire hazard. All switches and disconnects shall be pulled before working on high voltage lines and all wires of the circuit shall be short-circuited and grounded. 1. l'J'otectlc,n. 5. Resistors shall be protected with a suitable lncloslng guard. WlllAtlOD and GrouplJls, Control wiring, unless Installed in metal conduit shall have slow-burning insulation or approved switch: board wire. All conductors composing such wiring shall be laid in groups so that they may be readily traced and Identified. The use of wires having different colors is recommended. TJveofWIN> 7 • Wires connecting resistors and controllers or controller panels shall have a. slow-burning insulation. Wiring between motors and liquid controllers shall have rubber insulation. Roi.at 8. Plans shall be developed tor each district so that each hoist, together with Its complement ot conduits eta, catb188t• guards, 1loorplates, etc., may be removed n 1 s en 1re y to new locations. h 9· frlmary contactor panels c.a rrylng 2300 volts shall atve a 1 llbve parts completely enclosed in a box of trans l e or as eatoe board. lmulAUon. Pbu. 6. ;nr SWITCHBOARDS 1. All switchboard frames shall be made of pipe or Supports. other metal supports with pnnels of Incombustible material possessing insulating qualities suitable for the voltage carried. 2. Swltchbollrds shall be given a three-root clearance Ol•arM11e, at the front, back, and ends. 3. Switchboards shall have a clearance of two feet from the floor. 4. When the potential behind the ewltchboards ex- l'J'oteetlon. ceeds 276 volts, the rear of the board shall be protected by gates and marked by appropriate signs. 6. All switchboard mountings, Instruments, trans- Oroandlnc• formers, and Instrument casings shall be grounded. (See section on grounding.) 6. Conductors shall not cross the passageways back ~.::."::"' of switchboards except below the floor or at height of at least 6 21.i feet above the floor. a MOTOR-GENERATOR SET AND RECTIFIER ROOMS 1. For general arrangement see Fig. 15. 2. Special attention shall be paid to location relative to load center in order that power may be distributed in two or more directions. s. Ample space shall be provided around the apparatus to permit easy handling in case of dismantling tor repairS. 4. All motor-generator sets and rectifiers shall be ~:.;:::,e:cttn~ equipped with disconnecting switches similar to those In hoist rooms. Location. 5 Rooms containing motor-genera.tor sets, rectifiers, 1>tm1PS or hoists shall be ventilated with intake a.Ir at all tim~ and shall be located between intake and return air cour~es in order that fumes or smoke given of! at times of burnouts may be diverted to the return a.Ir course. FIJ'tproof 6 Self-closing doors shall be provided at all motor- v-s. gei{erator and rectifier rooms as shown in Fig. 15. �47 J 11 ............... SHAKER LOADER INSTALLATIONS 1. For general arrangement and wi.ring connections see Fig. 16. 2. By "power circuit" is meant the two conductors Power Circuit. carrying the load current of the motors. 3. The_ Frame Ground Wire shall be connected only to Ground the machine frames and the high side rail. The Rail Re- Conneet101111. turn Wire of the power circuit shall be connected to the low side rail and under no circumstances shall the Frame Ground Wire be connected to the Rail Ret urn Wire. The Frame Ground Wire should carry no current unless the windings of a machine become grounded to the machine frame, in which case a man touching the frame will not receive a shock. 4. The power circuit and the frame ground wire may ImtaUAUon. be installed over the entry track where there is sufficient height. The power circuit may be installed under the track providing wire with waterproof insulation is used and protected by the use of conduit which shall be continuous from the low rib to the switch stand and securely fastened at each end. Conduit must be properly grounded. 5. If frame ground wire is run on the bottom to the high side rail, it shall be so placed as to prevent any mechanical injury to the wire. Otherwise all wires and cables shall be properly fastened overhead t o roof, props or cross bars with Fletcher hangers. 6. All wire connections and connections to rail bonds shall be made by use of "Servit" connectors, or equal. Fig. 15-Method of Fireproofing Motor Generator Set and Rectifier Booms. 7. The frame ground wire shall be securely bolted to the frames of switch stand, shaker drive, fan and material hoist, if used. 8. Trolley clamp, O.B. Cat. No. 14389 or equal, shall be used to fasten "hot" wire to trolley line. �48 49 d l &i .,a \ ....s .. Wi5 !;;:r :I .: 0 C: ,: 0 ~ ,: ~.? c0 o e .... .. ~g .,, .. .: :a.. ~i .. " .,,g"'. ,d? o"~ o- .:: 0 .0 "" 0 0 II " ;; ,: ,!:O 0 C "' a:: 141 II.I io:: > ir "':c 0 ;: "' iii "" e ~ . . II.I 0 ::; u z 0 z <I a.. No voltage higher than 220 volts shall be used. Voltnge. 2. Equipment to be used shall consist of a Harold Electric Pipe Thawer r equiring not more than 220 volts for the primary, nor more than 48 volts for the secondary. (See Fig. 17, Page 50.) z ,: .. .. i "' "' a: g~~ o ~~ C 0 ~ . 0 u Q 0 "' 0 N z iu Fig. 16-Standard Method of Wiring Shaker Installations. ~, ii .3 DE ' = .. <I ;; 1. 0 C g~ ~~ .:! -C C> :, :o e ~ z ;:;: .,; VI PIPES BY ELECTRICITY ~ ;;. i ~.. . .,.,o ' o <:1 zo C ~ 8'sl ~: 0:, :,, C 0 METHOD OF THAWING FROZEN WATER .., m- .:: a.E Ee o• IN o- 0 i ;~.. 2 11"' ll l C .,_,, .,_" cu:i: o :.z [QI 4. A double-pole, fused, enclosed type service switch V ee ot shall be used to control the current to the thawing trans- Switch. former and persons operating this switch shall make use of -an insulated platform. 6 . All connections from the service switch to the thawing transformer and to the pipe lines shall be completed before the switch Is closed. The switch must be " out" when handling any of the cables and when tighteni ng or adjusting connections. rQ '53: iii 3 . The equipment shall be connected to 220-volt serv- Orolllldlni". ice lines that are grounded in accordance with our Code of Standards as shown on P age 28. 6. The work shall be done under the personal super- Sopervtolon. vision of the District Electrici.a n. �51 ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 1. An Insulated platform shall be provided at all l.nanlnted stations where it may be necessary to handle parts that Plnttonn. are suspected of being alive or capable of giving shock. 2. Supply lines extending to remote parts of the mine Cut Ott where current is not required after the working shift Suppl)' shall be disconnected by a person delegated to perform Lines. this duty. 3. Working on live lines is prohibited. (See Rule 8, working on Page 7.) uvo Wues. 4. Before working on high-voltage llnes, all wires of the circuit shall be short-circuited and grounded. 5. Standard caution notices shall be posted at such Cnutlon points as will render them most effective in reducing the Notice&. likelihood of accidental contact with live electrical equipment and conductors. 6. At each pump, hoist, fan or motor-generator set J,'lre there shall be at least one Pyrene, or similar type, fire Extinextinguisher. This shall be conspicuously marked that guishers it can be u.s ed on Jive parts only when there Is a notice- llnd Shale able air movement and then only from the intake side. Dost. Buckets of shale dust shall be kept at these places, the aggregate volume of which shall not be less than two cubic feet. 7. No one but authorized persons who have the recog- Authority nized capabilities shall be permitted to operate pumps, lo Operate. motor.-generator sets, hoists or fans, and standard prohibitory notices to this effect shall be posted. s. No person shall be allowed to work on or with elec- Autbodzed trical equipment of any kind unless authorized by the Worlanen. Mine Electrician. FJg. 1 ~-Electric Pipe Thawer. 9 Trolley wires that are less than 6 ½ feet above Trolley Wire the ·top of the rail shall be protected ab all points where Owu-cl!I. men are regularly required to work or pass under them, and at all points where the men may come in contact with the wires. Trolley Win> 1 O. Trolleys s h a 11 be Carried on opposite side from Oppo&lte From the traveling ways. Travel Ways. 11. Light circuits shall not be installed in places Light Circuits known to generjlte gas. 1n oas. 12 Electric lamps shall not be Installed where they Electrto will ~ome in contact with combustible material. Lamps. �52 53 INSTRUCTIONS TO PERSONS INSPECTING ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT Ground Inspectlon. Conccn.led Grow,ds. 1. Inspectors shall pay particular attention to ground connections and shall satisfy themselves, beyond doubt, that the ground connection will serve the purpose for which it is intended. 11. Report to the Mine Electrician low voltage at 1leport of any working place, or any extra load that is to be added !';:f Ja°li':'go to installed equipment. tlonn1 Lond. 2. See that concealed ground wires are replaced by others that are visible throughout their length where possible. 12. Report all ·equipment overloaded, abused, or poorly ventilated, causing overheating, Abuse. NOTE: Parts that should be grounded are: Cable sheaths, conduits, oil switches and operating levers, transformer cases, motor frames, compensator and motor starting apparatus, metal boxes containing switches, resistors or control equipment, secondary circuits from transformers (except transformer secondaries supplying Rotary converters, Rule 14 Page 29), controllers, conveyors, conveyor machinery, pipe frames supporting switchboards and other equipment. 13. Inspect electrical equipment when not in opera- Brushes, tion to determine condition of bearings, brushes, com- Denrtngs, Air Gap mutator and collector rings, and observe condition of nnd Olenrnnce. revolving parts for loose band wires and dust accumulation; also test air-gap clearance between rotor and stator with an air-gap gauge. D. C. Grnerntor Grounds. 3. Observe that ground wires from D. C. generators are properly connected to both rails of the track. Conductors 4. See that wires leading to motors or generators are properly guarded. to be GWll'ded. 5. Examine oil switches and compensators for proper oil condition and for accumulations of coal. dust. Condnct.ors Oro55~ Slopes, et<,. 6. Inspect wires and cables that cross passageways and hoisting slopes, as these may become loose and present a great hazard. Light, telephone or signal wires across slopes may endanger persons or man trips. lnspoetlon 7. Determine that overload relays, automatic circuit breakers and undervoltage releases function properly. of A utomauo ApplJ.:ulees. Ac!Justments of Exciting Cw-rent. \'oltnge Ad- Justing on D.o. Geoerntora. 10. Familiarize yourself with the operation of all FnmUlnrlze With pumps, motor-generator sets and hoists in order to de- Sell App(lmtm, t ermine that all starting, stopping, controlling, and protecting equipment functions properly. 8. Synchronous motors are operated with a fixed amount of exciting current at no load. See that the field adjustments are correct and that instruments indicate properly. 9. Direct-current generators lose voltage upon becoming warm. See that someone restores voltage during the working ehltt. ::r~,r,er- 14. Inspect mining machine cables for bruls~d places cnble and splices and see that they are adequately insulated lntpectton. with rubber and friction tape. �54 MAJOR DISASTER INSPECTION BY SAFETY ENGINEER AND Duties of Various Persons CHIEF ELECTRICIAN In order to better safeguard employes working around major electrical operations such as hoists, pumps, motor-generator sets, fan motors, etc., the following must be observed regardless of whether the installation is temporary or permanent. 1. IJnJ>emlive. 2. I . In CllSO of fire or explosion at any property the ~:Une Clerk at the prope1·ty shall immediately: 1. 2. 3. All installations shall conform strictly to the estab- lished standards for such installations. Red Till,. l'nldng Off Tag. 4. The local Chief Electrician shall, while such equipment Is in course of construction, tag conspicuously with a red tag, stating that such equipment is dangerous to operate. 3. (a) Mine Foremen of minea not affected. Senior Forem:i.n shall be In authority, providing tho .Ulne Superintendent 1a not present, uutH the arrival of some ranking olllcial. (This implles that the Mine Superintendent might be a victim of the disaster.) (b) Master Mechanic. Ch1ef E lectrlcl:i.n . • (c) Outside Foreman. (d) Carpen ter. (e) Doctor. Cf) Hotel man. 4. The Mine Superintendent shall noti.fy the Chief Electrician and Safety. Engineer of the completion of the work and they shall, without undue delay, each make a personal examination of the installation and shall certify to its safety by removing the red tag and substituting a white tag with this information thereon. Certlfled Approvot. 6. In no case shall the equipment be operated unless the installation is approved by the Chief Electrician and the Safety Engineer. Penntty. 6. Failure of the district Chief Electrician to observe and comply fully with the above instructions will be considered sufficient grounds for dismissal from the service. Mine J'oreman. ll. Place guard at Mine Entrance. Bract barrier about mine entrance encloalng su11lcient area and needed mine bnlldlnp. a. Proceed to enlist and organize rescue and exploring parttea. 4. Immediately designate two persons to act u checkers and searchers of the men who are to enter Lhe mine, and to keep a record of the men 8 0 enter ing with their time of entrance and mt. &. Appoin t a competent man. to be stationed at mine entrance to make an uamlnatlon of all aame safety lamps before they are taken. Into uae mine. 6, P ending arrml of Vice Preslden.t. OpenUoa or General Manager arran.se to haTS authorl• tatln bullethla and information sl"t'SD to repNaeDtativee of the presa and the eomaul~. 1. AUTOMOBILE INSPECTION AND REPAIRS Automobile ln!pecUon. All company automobiles operating in the Rock Springp field (except at Superior) will be brought to the automobile shop in Rock Springs once each month for Inspection by the Automobile Mechanic. Record will be kept by the Mechanic of date of inspection and record placed In a conspicuous place on the instrument board of the car so that operator may know date at which next inspection is due. All repairs must be made in the company shop unless specific permission to the contrary is given by the Vice President, Operation. Monthly inspection of automobiles atht Sulperior and Hanna will be made at the direction of e oca1 Master Mechanic. Notify the general omce nt Rock SprJngs. Call the men rrom other company mines in the district. Station one man permanently at the mine omce telephone. Personally see the following men, whose duties shall be as hereinafter set forth: a. �56 57 III. Outside Foreman. 1. Station man at all surface telephones. 2. Assemble trucks or teamsters, who shall stand in readiness to bring material needed. a. Prepare buildings, preferably near mine mouth and within enclosed area for: (a) Base for rescue crew and repairs to apparatus. (b) Temporary morgue. (c) Conference room for officials . (d) Rest room for rescue crews and crew8 awaiting call. IV. Carpenter. 1. Assemble all tools as outlined on blue print in carpenter shop. 2. Erect barriers and temporary shelters at Lhe direction of the Mine Foreman or other person in authoi-ity. V. Master Mechanic. 1. Thoroughly examine ran and provide aga inst o~erloadlng motor or transformers due to shortcircuiting of air. 2. Look to the water supply, pipe lines, and other fire-fighting equipment. 3. Closely supervise boiler plant and surface pumps. 4. Arrange for water supply from all possible sources in the event of failure of usual supply lines. VI. Dlsti·lct Electrician. l. Cut power oft underground portion of mine. 2. Thoroughly examine ran and provide against overloading motor or transformers due to shortcircuiting of air. 3. Station a competent man at the fan. 4. Keep close supervision over power plant. 5. Provide telephone communication between Important surface points and prepare portable set for underground extension with suffl.clent wire for advance. Provide sufficient electric cap lamps and proper means for charging nnd distributing same. VII. Local Doctor. 1. Call such help as he may deem necessary, and assemble emergency medical supplles. vm. Hotel Keeper. 1. Provide tor bllletlng rescue crews in places remote from the activity. 2. Mak e prepara tion to serve all meals and establish a lunch station at or near the mine. 3. Prepare and keep in r eserve all rooms for the service of t hose men who are brought in or have come to give assistance. IX. General Offices at Rock Springs. 1. Vice President, Operation and General Manager repa ir immediately to the disaster, taking the Supei-vlsor of Vent ilation -and the Chief Engineer, together with ventilation map and data, and available ma ps of the mine. Notify peace officers, who will assist in keeping spectators from interfering with rescue work. X. Sa rety Engineer. 1. Notify th e several Mine Superintendents, who shall imn1ediately assemble their mine rescue and first aid crews, together with apparatus, o;, .--y gen containers, pumps, etc., and proceed by the speediest possible method to the disaster. 2. Notify U. S. Bureau of Mines and State Chief .:IHne Inspector. 3. Assemble apparatus of Rock Springs central station, together with oxygen supply and dispatch the same. 4. Prepare for the transportation Of such doctora and nurses as are necessary. XI. Material for Local Carpenter to assemble and talce to the l\Iine: 1. Hammers, trowels. 2. Nails (various sizes). 8, 16 and 20d. 3. Axes, picks, shovels. •1, Saws, sledge hammers, pipe wrenches and longs. 5. Hoes (mortar), cold chisels, 6. Shovels. XII. Material fo1· Outside Foremau to assemble and transport to mine: 1. Lumbe1· (ship lap) for stoppfngs (2,000 reet, board measure). 2. Canvas gloves. a. Drattlce cloth. 4. Brlcl!s. 6. Tlle. G. Cement. 7. Sand. 8. Portable fire extinguishers. 9. Chalk. d l 10. Fil'e J1ose and pipe, with reducers an va ves. 11. Buckets. NOTICE: No Intoxicating liquors whatever wm be permitted at or near the scene of disaster. �MINE RESCUE APPARATUS AND TRAINING 1. The mine-rescue apparatus for the Rock Springs field will be concentrated at Rock Springs. Location. 2. No crew will be allowed to enter the rescue build- Hnodllng Ing and take, use or handle any appar!ltus unless the per- Md Use. son having charge of the apparatus is at hand. 3. No rescue crew will be allowed to enter any mine Reserve to do actual rescue work unless a reserve crew is on RC8cu& hand with machines and equipment to lend assl.s tance It Orcw. necessary. Ap.()lll'Btws 4. AU apparatus shall be thoroughly gone over not lnspecHon. less than twice each month, and each machine or piece of apparatus shall be tested, examined and a tag attached thereto giving date of examination and the condition ol that particular machine or piece of equipment. NOTE: Any recent repairs made, such as new breathIng bag, tubes, etc., must be noted on the attached tag In order that ihe person wearing apparatus may be on the alert for loose gaskets or connections in the new parts when the machines are first worn. 6. There shall be on hand at all times not less than QUBnttty of 800 cubic feet of reserve oxygen (7 containers). Oxygen. 6. A monthly report of apparatus will be made by Report. the person caring for this equipment, one copy to be senL to the General Manager and 01;1e to the Safety Engineer. NOTE: This report must cover recent repairs, supplies on hand and condition of machines ( each machine to be designated by a number). 7. The Safety Engineer shall keep a readily ac- :~e!_fd~t; cessible file of all men employed by the company who Rescue 11re11. have received first-aid or mine-rescue training. .Record o f 8. A record of the men and the training they have Tm1n1ng received at the local mine-rescue station shall be kept by Given. the person in charge thereof. 9 A record oll all men to receive training, or those n..cont or ent~rlng the employ of the company who have had pre- ~lflod vious training, shall be filed with the Safety Engineer. Emptoyes. 1 o. No man shall be trained 1n mine-rescue work Physlct1111•• without a physician's certificate showing that he has a : ~ sound heart and normal blood pressure. �60 61 GENERAL SAFETY RULES No male person under 18 years of age nor any female person, will be allowed to enter the mines of this Company as a visitor. Males over 18 years must obtain permission to enter mines from the Superintendent in charge. Smoking- In 1. Smoking or the carrying of any smoking or flame 1111.nes. producing materials is prohibited in all mines operated on a closed light basis. Penolttes Sec. 23-113, Wyoming Compiled Statutes.- "Any For. miner, workman or other person who shall " ,. • carry any pipe, cigar or cigarette, match or fire producing material or appliance into places that are worked by safety lamps • 0 0 shall be deemed guilty of a misdemean or and may be punished In a manner provided in Sec. 23131." This section provides a fine of not less than $200.00 and not more than $500.00 at the discretion of the court. Sentth For Sec. 23-138, Wyoming Compiled Statutes.-"Any man Matcltes, Lamp Koys, working in a mine or mines where safety lamps or elecEu,. tric lamps are used exclusively shall be subject to search by the Mine Foreman or his assistants for matches or other flame producing devices • • •. No person shall have in his possession in any part of a mine where closed lights or locked safety lamps or other similar devices are used, any mutches or means of producing fl.re, or any lamp key or instrument for the opening of a light or lamp." Sec. 23-142 provides that any person or corporation violating any of the provisions of the above section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a fine not to exceed two hundrett dollars ($200.00). Ohecldng In and oat of 2. All persons entering the mine must be checked in Mloe. and out of the same, and every person while underground must have his life check on his person and in his right hand front trousers pocket. Lite 3. Each man's life check shall correspond to that of Cbeclm. his lamp, which may be independent of his " payroll" number. A list with the name of the man and the number of his life check shall be posted at the lamp house and the l!fe check number of each man will not be changed during the time a man works In a given mine. Dust &men. 4. All mines shall be protected against explosion propagation by rock-dust barriers. These barriers shall conform 1n plan to F igs. 18 and 19. NOTE: In places where clearance is unattainable or where It Is deemed Impractical to support dust barriers by props, they may be suspended from the roof by proper eye bolts. Where barriers are eet into the roof vanes shall be placed on either side of same to deflect 'the air currents Into them. l\11.nors and Females Not 5 • Dust barriers shall be located on all slopes air Lo<atlon. courses, and manways intermediate of all cross en'tries as shown in Fig. 20. Allowed. • 6. In any place where complete protection is not af- Addltlonal Do• t Corde~ by the foregoing, additional districts shall be BIUTler!l. established which shall be sectionalized by dust barriers In a manner similar to the foregoing and subject to the approval of the Safety Engineer. ~ = == == - Wu = ~ ) 2'/t == = _ , '" I F ' F " ~ ~ A A t... ~ J = I= = = I= = = =w= = = = I= F - F F 9' ; li'ig, 18-Dust Barl'iers Stop Blasts. The arrangement of theee troughs varies. When the clearance In t.be gangway ls limited they are hung from the root on eye bolts, as shown In the Illustration. 7. Slopes, panels, entries, haulageways and traveling D11911ns;. ways shall be rock dusted In a manner prescribed by, and subject to the approval of, the Safety Engineer, which however, shall be in a manner now or hereafter appro~ed by the United States Bureau of Mines and the Chief State Mining Inspector. g During the course of rock dusting, all machinery Cover within the mine shall be adequately protected by burlap l\111<:hlnery \Vhllo Rod< or other covering to keep the duet from settling upon D ostlng-. the machinery• �9. All mechanical haulage shall be provided with Lilfhts 0n efficient head and tail lights. HAlllBre Trlt>9. Sec. 23-116, Wyoming Compiled Statutes. -"Each locomotive employed In underground haulage In a coal mine shall be equipped with an efficient gong and with an efficient head light, both of -which shall be maintained fn good operating condition. Motormen must use the headlight and gong in a way to effectively warn employes in the mine of danger. When mine cars are pushed by a locomotive underground, an efficient trip light, maintained in working order a nd kept lighted, shall be carried on the front end of the forward car in a position where it can be plainly seen by the employes ahead of same. When loaded or empty mine car trips are being pulled by locomotives through entry or haulageways an efficient trip light, maintained in working order and kept lighted, shall be carried on the rear, end of the last car at all times, except when trip rider Is riding the rear end of the last car. A marker board, with an area of not less than one square foot, painted white and kept clean for vlslbiUty, may be substituted for the trip light on the rear car of trips which are being pulled by locomotives; provided, however, that this section shall not apply to the gathering of cars or to any hauling of cars In a mine except haulage on main entries." NOTE: No trip marker other than a red electric light will be permitted or used In the mines of The Union Pacific Coal Company, the same to be carried on the advancing end of all slope trips. lllan TrlJ>8 10. • Rope runners shall see that, on trips devoted to and l'a.a1enthe hoisting or lowering of men, no one Is permitted to ~ ride unless he Is seated. Overcrowding of man trips is absolutely prohibited. Persons boarding or getting oft man trips while In motion subject themselves to discharge. lllan Trip 11. Sec. 23-133, Wyo. Compiled Statutes. "* • • And si-a. such train of cars known as 'man-trips' shall not be run at a greater speed than five (6) miles an hour. When tools are carried on 'man-trips' they shall be carried in a separate car provided for that purpose and It shall be a violation of the law for any miner or other person to carry his tools except as herein provided." llolatln&' 12 When men are being lowered or raised at the be- Ena'IDeU'• ginnlng or end of a sbitt, the hoisting engineer must Aaolstant. have an assistant on the platform. It will be the duty of the hoisting engineer in charge when the man trips are raised or lowered to see that an assistant is present on the platform before be attempts to raise or lower the an trips. Men regularly employed in thls capacity are : be exammed during each twelve months period. Alternate method of placing rock dust barrle~ where . root height will not permit placing as sbown In Fig. 18. The length and n'!mber of the troughs shall be such that the battery will con:aln rock dust equivalent to the standard 8-ft lG-trough barrier. ·• 1 ~F==::j.,.~ h'~ Complete sectlonallzatlon must be attained by dust barriers on slopes, manways, returns and cross entries. a$ Illustrated. Whenever explo• slons occur the aim should be to completely I s o I a t e tbem and tbus minimize all danger to adjoining sections. =c:!:~"':::::"•·:::::{:~1/;:::;~1\ Fig. 20-Blockades Against Explosions. I, I I �64 13. Before man trips are raised or lowered, the roperunne1· shall make an examination the complete length of the man t11p, assuring himself that all coupllngs, pins, safety cables, etc., are functioning properly. Once each month a complete examination of the man trlp shall be made by the machine boss. He will state on his monthly repo1•t of machines that this has been done, notJng the1·eon nny clcfects found and the corrective measures that were taken. Tnm11 On Sloi,os. - s~,11., .-,, 1n "!<!..-- 4' • ll· • c' MOll.. Fig. 22 Refuge Holes AlongHaulagelVay. ., 14. No employes, unless in the course of duty, will be permitted to travel slopes or haulageways where there are manways provided, and any violation of this rule will subject the person so offending to discharge. 0 C a " Recooses will be cut In the ribs ot the g a n g w a. y at switch points on ma.In slopes to prov ide o. refuge p lace tor rope riders and others. 15. No person other than the rope rider and haulage boss shall be permitted to ride a loaded trip. DlsPos ltlon ot Slope 'l'l'\lp When Idle, &fcty Glll('S, 16. No main or panel slope trip shall be allowed to staud on the slope or panel at the end of a shift. The trip should be placed on a parting off the slope. 17. Wherever a traveling way crosses a main haulage way, there shall be installed gates that will swing inward and away from the haulage way. These gates shall be provided with springs or weights, which will make them positive in closing. (See Fig. 21.) Trolley WI.re 19 At crossings of all regular traveling ways and Guarda. loco~otlve haulage roads, and on partings, the trolley wir e shall be protected bY ~uards which shall be support ed in the manner shown JJl Fig. 23. Fig. 21 Danger Warnings. Where travelways enter upon or c;oss main haulage roads, gates which ewlng away from the main road mus t be provided. TJlese gates will be hung either so that they close of their own weight or are assisted by a s pring. "' 18. Man, or r efuge holes at entry switches on main haulage slope will be as shown in Fig. 22. Manholes shall also be provided at all heading switch thr ows upon which haulage is mechanically operated. Fig. 23 • •• u. = - = " = - Thia method ot p rotecting trolley wires wlll be ueed where a travelway crosses under a trolley and also at partings. �67 66 Conmil l1D4 Removnlof F,reDllDIJ> (OH4 Methane.) TweOt Exploslves. Qua.nUey of E:q,toslvu. Sllc»uge Of Explosives. l!egregatfo11 Of Exploslves, Detanaton, Toohl, ete, 'I'tansJ,ortA,. Uon of ~- 20. Sec. 23-108, Wyo. Compiled Statutes.-"Control of Fire Damp-Penalty. It shall be unlawful for any miner, fire boss, employe In any mine, or other person, to brush fire damp from any place in a coal mine by means of a coat, sack, sail cloth, or any like article or material; or by any other means; or to use water for the removal of fire damp, and any person so offending shaII be deemed guilty of misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be imprisoned for a term not exceeding six months, and fined in any sum not to exceed one hundred dollars ($100.00). And any owner or superintendent, mine boss or fire boss, who shall knowingly permit the same to be done, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, subject to the same penalties as hereinbefore prescribed." (a) In case explosive gas (Methane, CH4) is discovered at any point within the mine, it shall be the duty of the person making the discovery to repo.r t the same to the Fire Boss or Mine Foreman, who shall arrange for its removal. (b) No body of gas shall be moved by anyone except under the personal supervision of the Mine Foreman and after the Superintendent of the district lias been notified. (c) No person or electrical apparatus, between the gas and return, Is to be permitted to work or operate, or h~ve the power on while the gas Is being moved. (See ventilation section.) 21. No explosive except one designated as "permissible" by the United States Bureau of Mines shall be used in any mine. 22. No man shall have in his possession at any time, more_ explosives than will be sufficient for one day's blasting. 23. Any explosives in the possession of the miner must be stored in a suitable box, which shall have the approval of the Safety Engineer. This box shall be kept at lea~t 100 feet from the working face, preferably in a crosscut, and not in direct line with the working face. 24. In mines operating on a company basis (Mechanical Loading) the explosives for the shift shall be placed In a locked wooden box In a suitable, convenient and safe Place and the Foreman and Shot Firer only shall possess keys to the same. 25. The storing of explosives and detonators together or both or either ot these with spikes nails tools o; otiejr metamc substances Is positively' prohibited 'and shu ects the person responsible for such storage to disc arge. 26 Electric detonators shall be brought into the mine 1n a •small portable leather container. 27. Only rubber-clad cable of a distinctive color shall Shot Flrlni:" be used to connect the blasting machine to the detonating \Vire. cap or caps, and this cable must be not less than one hundred and fifty (150) feet in length at all times. Cable reels are to be provided and the cable kept on reel when oaiire Reds. not in use. 28. In order to better obviate premature blasts and l'remAtnre minimize stray currents, all power and lighting lines BIMts. shall be cut oft from each mechanical loading unit before any shot holes are charged. When Shot FJrers are engaged In the work of firing shots, the shot-firing cable must be disconnected from the blastl.ng machine and the cable leads must. be short-circuited at the blasting machine before connection is made to detonating cap or caps at the face, and all employes other than the one connecting the cable to the cap at the face are forbidden to handle the blasting machine while the work of firing shots is being carried on. When Shot Firers are connecting the cable to the shot wires at face, either the battery or the battery key MUST BE in the personal possession of the Shot Firer. 29 All holes shall be tamped with clay, rock dust Tnmptnr or other Incombustible material, which wlll be furnished :MAterW. at a convenient place to the employe by the Mine Foreman. NOTE: See safety precautions In regard to explosives. 30 Where coal is loaded mechanically and water is 1-dlnir of used· on cutter bar of mining machine, the face may be BIi&' Dut. shot without first loading out the bug dust, providing: (a) that the dust Is thoroughly wetted down within thirty minutes preceding the firing of shots; (b) that the work f 8 hot firing ts conducted under the immediate supero1 1 n of a competent Mechanical Loa.d ing Foreman. It v ot be necessary to use water on cutter bars or to w : machine cuttings in places where the natural _w~\sti:'enis sufficiently heavY, the Mine Foreman or his :slstant to determine all exceptions to the rule. in the employ of The Union Pacific Non-JI~ Bsi.r 31. No perso~hlle loading or charging a hole with Tamp!D&" to be Uaed, Coal Company, lsslble powder, shall use or emnitroglycerlnei ;: 1~~~amplng bar, nor shall any Superploy any stee Manager Foreman or Shltt Boss, or lntendent, Min; 1 the ' management or direction of other person av ngermit the use of such steel, iron or 0 employee, allow [ P bar by employee under his manageother metal t~fP n;,he type of tamping bar which shall ment or dlrec on. b e purposes shall be made entirely be used for the a ov of wood. ~i° �68 W:.ter On Cn:tta BIU'II, '69 3? Cutter bars of all mining machines must be equipped with hose ~nd water, and the water used while machine is in operation. (See Rule 30.) 33. Water lines shall be extended to all working faces in the mines. Flrat-Ald l\laterlAI. Blue IJi;ht or Sip nt Flnt- Ald Kits. Respoll&lblUty for J!lrstAld outfits. Bl1111kets, BIIDdnges. Bl:utket Stol'llg'e Within Mme. Safety Device for P1U1el Slnklnir. G1t:trds OD M'.adttnH. PeraJstenco In D:tnirerou Pntd1oea. 34 First aid material shall be kept at all hoists and at s~ch other places as may be designated by the Mine Foreman or the Safety Engineer. In every working entry there shall be at least one complete first-aid unit located at a central point. 35. The locations of all first-aid outfits shall be designated by the presence of a blue light. When a light cannot be installed, a suitable sign will be used. 36. It shall be the duty of the Mine Foreman to see that first-aid outfits are kept supplied with all necessary material and that they are in good condition at all times. 37. Provision for the care of injured persons shall be made In accordance with the following: "There shall be at each mine suffl.cient blankets, oil, bandages, cots, etc., readily available to properly care for and convey injured persons to their homes or the hospital after an accident; said equipment to be kept In a dry place. Rooms suitable for the care of injured shall be provided at each mine by the Company. 'Suitable ambulance service shall be furnished for all mining districts." 38. When blankets and pillows are stored within the mine together with the stretcher, suitable provision shall be made for keeping the same in a, dry and serviceable condition by storing in galvanized-iron boxes. which may be heated by placing an electric lamp therein. 39. All men working in slopes, rooms, or other places being driven to the dip shall be protected by a safety device such as shown in Fig. 24. 40. No machinery of any kind will be allowed to operate unless all gears and other dangerous parts are fully guarded. The cutter chains of mining machines shall be locked securely to prevent accidental movement while being trammed. 41. Any miner or other workman who Is habitually found working 1n dangerous places due to laxity In pro1>erly timbering, or otherwise making himself eafe, aubjecte himself to discharge. ~ety Device 'for the protection of Men sinking Slopes and Panels • ~1- 01/, a.ffit®'M 1.M ~~ffi3/dmtln~ffl Plan ~Md Panel Safety Device Fig. 24-SIope .... Wute all hoist rooms pump rooms, motor-generator Becepto.ctes. 42. At it i 5 ne~essary to keep waste, two re• sets, etc., where lded one for clean waste and one ceptacles shall be p;ov us~d These receptacles shall be for waste tihtahtthiga:t fi: lids.to be self-closing. of metal w • loaded trip will be permitted to hang 43. No empty or v r night or at any time when the on the hoisting ropie o on duty and present in the hoist Hoisting Engineer s no . room. r �71 70 44. Trolley poles must be removed from the trolley line when the Motorman leaves the locomotive. In the event of derailment or other accident to locomotive operation making It necessary for the motorman to flag or seek assistance, the trolley pole may be lett on t he wire to provide power for headlight, to warn other employes. 45. There shall be a Pyrene or slmllar type of electrical non-conducting fire extinguisher, at every mechanical loading station. (See Rule 6 Page 51.) 46. At all mechanical loading stations, a s teei' hook or device shall be furnished each car trimmer so that It will be unnecessary for trimmer to put his hands on the coal while the car Is being loaded or while the conveyor Is r unning. All under ground supervisory officials shall see that this hook ls used at all times during loadIng operations and that trimming is not done by hand. =.::::.:::. 48. Sec. 23-139, Wyo. Compiled Statutes provides Bore Rolca to Bo Plnced that: "bore holes shall be kept not less than t~elve (12) Ahl>o4 of feet In advance of the face of every working place, and Work In when necessary on the sides of the same when they are AppJ'O<LCIIIDa' being driven towards and In dangerous proximity to an Old Work, abandoned mine or part of a mine, suspected of containing Inflammable gases, or which Is Inundated with water." In no Instance will a less measure of protection be employed than called for by the State law, and when the conditions ar e presumed to be extra hazardous, the Superintendent will confer with the Safety Engineer, checkIng all mine maps carefully befor e proceeding with the work of approaching doubtful territory. 49. In case of serious accident or death to any em- Not111catton or it,,tntlveo ploye, It shall be the duty of the Mine Superintendent t o In Oase of see that the relatives of the Injured party are Immedi- lnJary. ately notified. He shall use his own discretion as to who shall act as Informant, but It Is mandatory that he see that such Information be Immediately given. Nottty Chief 50. In the event a fatal accident occurs within or S!Ate l\Dne without the mine, the Mine Superintendent shall Imme- Inspector, diately notify the general office at Rock Springs. It will Coroner 11114 otbers In be the duty of the Safety Engineer (in his absence, the E-ttmt of General Manager or Vice President, Operation) to Im- Explosion media tely notify the coroner and Chief State Mine In- or Thtal Aoddent. spector of the accident. SIDE YtEw CLEVIS TOP VIEW CL[VIS Telegraphic notice, with brief statement of details, covering all fatal accidents should be given to the President's office at Omaha, wire report to be followed by a complete detailed written report. ~ TOP VIEW HANDLE 0 47. The safety clevis pin shown in Fig. 25 will be used to fasten a ll hoisting ropes to empty and loaded trips. PIN .. IIO[ VIEW HANDLE S AFETY CLEVIS AND PIN Fig. u In the event an explosion occurs, whether from the Ignition of explosive gas or coal dust, or both, and whether or not a fatality results from same, pr ompt notice wJII be given the Chief State Mine Inspector and no change In the general conditions, other than those absolutely necessary for the safeguarding of life and property, shall be made by the Mine Superintendent until the Chief state Mine Inspector or his deputy le given the broadest opportunity to examine the mine In the vicinity of the point where the explosion took place. �72 USE OF FLAME SAFETY LAMPS Koop So.tety ~Pt Llct,ted. Oheck of P'lame Sll!el:J' .t.an,i,s. l'enA!ty. 1. Due to the general use of electric lamps and the absence of open lights fn the mines, all men whose duty requires that they carry a flame safety lamp, viz., Mine Foremen, Safety Inspectors, Gas Watchmen, Shot Firers, etc., shall have these lamps with them at all times while in the mine and the lamps shall be lighted. 2. The Mine Superintendent shall check safety lamps at frequent Intervals to see that the magnetic locks have not been tampered with, and that said lamps are In condftlon to perform the duty intended. 3. Any failure to comply with the above regulations wlll subject the offending official, for the first offense, to a thirty-day suspension without pay, and, for the second offense, to discharge from the service. Sto.,.ce or NophthG. 4. Naphtha or other flammable Uquid in lamp houses shall be kept in approved containers or other safe dispensers. ObeddQJ of lamp,. 5. Flame safety lamps shall be permissible and maintained in permissible condition. All flame safety lamps shall be checked by the persons using them, by a qualified lamp attendant, or by a fire boss, immediately before entering the mine. 78 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WITH FLAME TESTING LAMPS, TOGETHER WITH NAMES OF THE VARIOUS PARTS Ffg. 1. Section of standard traveling flame In normal atmosphere. Ffg. 2. Same flame as Fig. 1, elongated slightly by an lntrod uctlon Into a weak mixture of fire damp (CH4). The elongation ls due to the follo~lng: (a) An addition of combustible matter to the flame, Increasing Its volume. (b) The gaseous mixture contains slightly less OxYgen content per unit volume, and each par- 6. When not in service, flame safety lamps and electric cap lamps shall be under the charge of a responsible person. 5«tlo11 tbrcu!h 3alUt 1lat!K 111 ~«Ak rulxturl!. of' rlre DAmp. �74 75 tfcle rises somewhat higher than in normal flame before becoming incandescent, the above phenomenon being called " the search for oxygen." (c) The temperature within the lamp is increased and the upward velocity of the burning gases is slightly increased, tending to elongate the flame. li'Jg. 3. Section through Wolte flame testing lamp (the type most commonly used in the United States). Starting at the bottom of the drawing and working upward, the lamp consists of the following parts: h Reservoir. Beser,olrObange Cotton. (a) This is to be filled with about 2/3 of an ounce of specially prepared cotton, laid in rings. This should be changed when the cotton becomes dirty or gummy, and no lamp should be used longer than six months without such change. Note: The reservoir also contains a wick which is in a separate movable tube. Wick. Wick, Co.ro of l>Dd ~- (a) Wick should be. long enough to reach well down into the reservoir, and no more. (b) Wicks should be changed more often than the cotton. A lamp used constantly for testIng should have the wick changed at least once In two weeks. (c) A new wJck should be put in dry and the exposed end burned off with a match or other flame, then the charred parts carefully removed. (d) To trim an old wick whlle in the lamp, the lamp should be allowed to burn dry and the charred end thoroughly scraped off. Reservoir Plug. Note: On certain types of Wol!e Lampe (See Fig. 3) the bottom gauze ·ring extends beyond the edge of the reservoir plug, and when a new leather gasket ls put in the well it often does not allow the plug to seat below the top of the reservoir. This prevents the lower gauze ring from sealing gas tight and makes a defective lamp. r Figure 3--The American Wolfe lamp. - a, Hood (steel); b, spacers (steel, 6); c, upper ring (steel); d, stay screws (steel, 5) ; e, corrugated bonnet with ventilating slits (brass); f, outer gauze (steel); g, inner gauze, (steel) ; h, middle ring (steel); I, asbestos washer; j, standards (brass, 5); k, glass; 1, round wick; m, wick tube (brass); n, expansion ring (steel); o, lock ring (brass); p, asbestos washer; q, inlet ring with double gauze (brass); r, air-Inlet shield ring (brass); s, rellghter; t, fuel fount, cotton filled (steel) ; u, wick adjuster; v, rellghter operating handle. " FJg. 3-Wolfe TestlDg Lamp. Bottom Gauze Ring. (a) This should be inspected for bends and breaks in the gauze. Expansion Ring. The purpose of this part is( a) To even the compression on the glass at all times. k h (b) To cushion the glass from shoe w en dropped or struck. Note· Thie ring ls often omitted or put in upside da°wn. Either mistake makes the lamp defective, as the glass fe almost certain to be broken if the lamp le dropped or struck. Gaskets. t th e same. Note· Top and bottom gask es (a) • Gaskets should form an even seat for the glass, which le gas tight. torn or thick In spots (b) Gaskets that are must not be used. Bottom Ganze Rlnr. Ex}>anslon Ring. �76 (c) The practice of piling two and three gaskets on top of one another to make the lamp gas tight should be avoided. In case such a procedure seems necessary, it Is an indication that the glass Is too short. Another glass should be secured. Olus. Glass. (a) Glass should be cut absolutely square, in order to insure an even seat and make the lamp gas tight without placing uneven stresses upon the glass. (b) Gauzes. (1) A safety lamp should never be opened underground. (2) Be sure that you have retir ed to fresh air before attempting to relight a safety lamp that has J5een extinguished by an explosive mixture. (3) When your light has been extinguished by a bump or fall never attempt to r elight it until you have carefully examined it to see if any part is broken. (4) Never play with your lamp in gas. Every time a flame is introduced into a gaseous mixture, it constitutes a separate risk. Always carry your lamp lighted while in a mine. It should be uniform in thickness. (c) It should be free from sand spots and air bubbles. (5) Gauzes. (a) In assembling the lamp, the outer and inner gauze must not be placed in such a way that the seams in the gauze will come t ogether. ( 6) A safety lamp is delicate. It is not made for sounding roof. (7) Always hang up your safety lamp where men are working about, otherwise it is sure to be upset. (b) Distorted gauzes, even though In otherwise good condition, must not be used. The spacing_ intended by the manufacturers should be mamtalned between the two gauzes. (8) See that your lamp is filled properly - Not too full: (c) The gauzes must be kept clean allowing no accumulation of dust or soot upon them. Bonnet. (a) The bonnet must not be allowed to become dented. The vents and spacing from the gauzes should be maintained as Intended by the manufacturers. Standards. Rel.ld,tbi;i Device. SAFETY LAMP PRECAUTIONS th/a{h A bent standard should not be used as s rows uneven stresses upon the glass. Relighting Device. (a) Be assured that the d vi in a working condltion. e ce Is clean and (9) _Use only a high grade of fuel. (10) • (11) Never take your lamp into a high velocity air current which is liable to contain gas. Only an experienced or certified person should be allowed to take a lamp near a large body of gas. (12) Be sure your lamp has no defects. (13) Your "safety lamp" is a testing Ia.mp, not a safety lamp. It is only safe when hanging in the rack in the lamp house outside the mine. SPECIAL It must be understood that the care, maintenance, and use of the safety lamps apply not alone to known gaseous mines but to all mines, and the Safety Engineer will perso~ally see that the foregoing regulations are observed. �79 GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (1) Keep all tools properly stacked or in racks where worlonen will not have to walk over them. (2) Spikes, nails, machine bits and tools, shouid never be driven in a prop. (3) Nalls sticking up in boards are a hazard. Extract or bend them over. (4) Report to your supervisors what you consider unsafe conditions. (5) Never work under loose coal or rock. (6) Always be careful with explosives and detonators. (7) Use the proper amount of explosives. (8) Where mining machines are used, bore holes in the coal shall not be drilled beyond the back of the cut, nor into solid rib, roof, or floor. (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) Never leave doors or curtains open when they are supposed to be closed or vice versa. Unsafe practices are not to be tolerated or countenanced by others. Mark and report all broken bonds. (It may save a life.) Always provide and maintain proper clearance between props and track. (See Page 125). Keep all working face areas wen sprinkled. A shovel ls not your only necessary tool. Get a gdiotlod saw, ax, and bar; keep them In good conon and use them. Exptamlosive gas (CH4) is dangerous. It is not to be pered with. Upon the discovery of gas, report it inunediately to your foreman. Authority for moving gas must be obtained from the mine foreman or fire boss. (22) Instruct each new employe of the dangers incident to his work and working place. (23) Secure permission before riding on empty or load. ed trips. j (24) Only authorized persons are allowed to enter old workings. (Stay in your own working places.) ! (25) Permission must be granted before visitors or strangers are taken into a mine. (26) Travel on the man ways. Keep off slopes and planes. Always report faUlty equipment or equipment not properly safeguarded. The floor of your working place Is not to be littered with mining refuse and tools. Keep your working place neat and orderly. (29) Worlanen are not to congregate on partings or hauiage ways. Tools are not to be carried with you on man trip. (30) Tool cars are provided. • (31) Always avoid standing In the bight of a rope or chain In tension. (32) Keep from under the trolley wire when riding trip. (28) Electrical equipment is not to be tampered with. (10) Avoid taking unnecessary chances. Observe all safety rUles. They are not to be violated. See that you have your life check before entering the mine. (27) (9) (11) (21) ~ �81 80 transportation begins until it h as reached Its destination. The Mine Superintendent shall designate some responsible employe to supervise personally the movement of the powder car. GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN THE USE AND HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES 9. Powder shall be taken directly to centrally-located distribution stations within the mine from which points it shall be distributed to the variou; units and working places. Only sufficient powder for one day's work shall be taken Into the mine at any one time, and no powder shall be allowed to accumulate or remain In the underground distribution stations. All powder must be stored I 11 ~~c~ii~;o:~:~lten~ai~zl~S88 o~:!e tihi:lettt~fn1~~!n~~ dwelling house. • rom any 1. 2. Detonators must be stored in s sJructed, fireproof buildings not le tehparate, well-cona powder storage magazine.• ss an 60 feet from 3• AU powder shall be t k in clally-constructed powder a e~ to the mine In a specar shall be made of o car, o standard design. This construction the lnnerwbod, ~nd :hall be of double-box from the outer box carr°'13 o w !ch shall be Insulated nlng gear by having all h the framework and runsu-nk to eliminate all possibl eatds, bolts, etc., countere con act to ground. 4. Whenever .powde i mediately upon deliver; ats t~ot taken underground !mthe outside storage ma e mouth of the mine from constructed, locked fi~azinef it shall be placed in a well0 be closer than 160 'feetef~ fh magazine which shall not any point at which a m e mouth of the mine or to powder shall remain inan !rip loads or discharges. The the powder transportatl~h1s mafazlne until loaded Into 11 car ~or delivery within the mine. 10. Underground distribution stations shall be made in the solld coal at least 300 feet from the main slope and 60 feet from any traveling way or intake airway and shall be provided with a strong door that shall b~ kept securely locked except when entered by a person or persons so authorized. Distribution stations must be fire resisting, with end walls of tlle or metal-lath-andplaster construction. 11. Not over 200 pounds of explosives, Including any surplus remaining from the previous day shall be placed in any one distribution station. 12. Once each shift all empty boxes, paper, sawdust, etc., must be gathered and sent from the mine. No accumulation of debris will be permitted In or around the distribution station. 13. Distribution by the powderman from the underground station to unit powder boxes shall be made in standard, electrically-nonconducting canvas bags similar to those sold by the powder manufacturers. 14. Unit powder boxes shall be of uniform size. Boxes shall be made with a dividing partition so that the fresh supply of explosives can be placed apart, thus permitting the use of the older stock first. 15. At each unit powder box there shall be a stamp, and as powder is delivered to the box by the powderman each stick must be stamped in such a manner as to be identified easily if found in other than its proper place. stamps shall be inspected regularly to see that they leave a legible mark 011 each stick. 16. Each unit powder box shall be plainly marked on the outside showing the Unit number and the maximum number of sticks of powder that the box may contain, 17. Distribution stations underground shall be located and territory so allotted that a powderman will not ::J.f K I...~ 6- Powder shall be tak ' or between shifts and :n 1nto the mine at the end of fewest poss'ible men at a ~ time When there •are th~ instance shall powder b:~r k within the mine. In no regular shift of men a en into the mine when a o'clock (commonly c~ll~~h~~ t~~n the third or elevenwork. e graveyard") shift Is at 6. Powder shall be take i :nopened boxes as receive: f nto the mine In the original andled by the railroad rom the manufacturer and boxes that have been o companies. Broken boxes or the regular manner as pened, must not be handled in handled separately and bhe~ein specified, but shall be age magazine to th~ eeveril u!~t• from the outside stor7 I s and working places • n transportin • level hauls, same ma~ ~~der within the mine on long ard powder car attached b rhalnsported in approved stand: 8 Wh e nd the locomotive 11 • en powder 1s beln t • f ;:::t be s~~!~~l!!~a~:m~~nt~::::n~!I:f ~te!oot!r~~! e rom the time the powder I I l I �82 83 have more units to serve than can be visited once each shift with a powder delivery. 18. Except in emergencies, the powderman shall be an employe other than the employe assigned to the delivery of detonators. BLASTING PRECAUTIONS (1) 19. In no case shall powder be made up at the working face. Powder shall be made up at the powder box and only the amount to be used taken to the face. If, for any reason, more powder is taken to the face than is required for the round of shots, the excess powder must be taken back to the storage box before the round of shots is fired. (2) Permissible powder is only "per,missible" when the proper amounts a're used. Use only 1~ pounds of permissible explosives in any one hole. Never force a cartridge into a hole. (3) To slit the cartridge and tamp tight is detrimental to the cushioning effect desired in blasting coal. This practice is prohibited. (4) Wooden bars are provided for tamping holes. The use of iron tamping bars is prohibited. 20. Not more than 1½ pounds of powder shall be used in any one hole. (5) Use precautions in seeking the cause of a missed shot. 21. All detonators must be carried from the storage Place outside the mine to the inside 1n standard leather containers which shall be painted yellow. (6) To drill, bore or pick out a charge which has failed to explode is prohibited. Either drill and charge another borehole at a safe distance (not less than two feet) from the missed hole, or, better still wash out the missed charge with water from the hose of your sprinkling line. (7) Use only the proper containers as provided for in transporting or carrying blasting caps. 22. All detonators stored inside the mine shall be 1n a suitable receptacle, not closer than 6 O feet to the powder storage boxes. • 23. In no case shall loose detonators be taken to the working face. Fig. 26-Method of Using Detonator. T h 1 s approved practice Is suggested by notes obtained from "Safety In the Handling and Use of Exploalvea," published by Institute of Makel'II ot Explosives. F 24• In the event that any detonators are lost the oreman In charge shall be notified Immediately. ' Never try to withdraw the wires from an electric blasting cap. (9) Always store electric blasting caps or blasting machines in a dry place. (10) The leading wires attached to the blasting machine are to be disconnected and shunted immediately if it becomes necessary to return to the shot. (8) When blasting is done electrically and a missed shot occurs, a five-minute interval should elapse before returning to the shot. (12) Never return to any shot which has failed to explode without first disconnecting the shooting cable from the blasting machine, and short circuiting the wires of the shooting cable. (11) (13) Good wire connections are not secured when looped or tied. Scrape the ends of the wires clean and bright, and twist them tightly together. Al a s see th'at bared ends of electric detonator 1 ~ ~es are twisted together or shunted and i'::ep them so until just before firing, then untwist them and connect with firing lines. �84 85 ,(15) Leading wires are not to be dragged around. Always coil them and carry them. (16) Suspend shooting cable on timber, being careful t!' see tha~ cable is not in contact with signal lines, pan lines, power lines or track. (17) In.s ert electric blasting cap in cartridge carefully. Have closed end of detonator pointing towards the built of the explosive. (See Fig. 26.) (18) Storing or transporting electric blasting caps with any type of explosive is prohibited. (19) Old or broken lead wires or connecting wires are not to be used. (20) Blasting machines are to be kept clean and dry They are built to operate with full force· twist th~ handles vigorously, not half-heartedly. ' (21) Shooting from the trolley wire or feeder line is prohibited. (22) Making up shots at the working face is prohibited. (23) Excess powder or detonators are to be returned to their proper storage places before shooting. (24) !~.sure that you have proper shelter before shoot- (25) :ft8:YS warn men that are in close pronmity of stmg areas. See that all approaches are safely guarded and the word "Fire" is shouted three (3) times before shooting. (26) The shooting of dependent shots is prohibited. MINE VENTILATION Sec. 23-106, Wyo. Compiled Statutes.-"Ventilatlon- Qua.ntlty. • Gas and Fire Damp. The owner or operator of any underground coal mine shall provide and maintain for every such mine, ample means of ventilation affording not less than one hundred and fifty cubic feet of pure air per minute for each and every person employed In said mine, and as much more as the circumstances may require, which shall be circulated around the main headIng and cross headings and working places to an extent that will dilute, carry off and render harmless the Afr Spllta. noxious or dangerous gases generated therein; the main current of air shall be so split or subdivided as to give a separate current of reasonably pure air to every fifty men at work, and the State Inspector of Coal Mines shall have authority to order separate currents for smaller groups of men, if, in his judgment special conditions make It necessary; and the air current for ventilating the stable shall not pass into the intake air current for ventilating the working parts of the mine. In mines generating fire damp, worked-out or abandoned parts Ona, thereof shall be kept free of standing ga.s, or properly walled off and the entrance thereto properly closed, and cautionary notice posted on the stopping to warn persons from danger, and every working place where gas ls known or supposed to exist shall be carefully examined by the fire boss within two hours immediately before each shift, and all accessible abandoned places shall lns~tlan, be examined twice a week with a flame safety lamp, and in making said examination it shall be the duty of the fire boss at each examination to leave at the face of everY place examined, evidence of his presence in the form of his initial and date of his examination. The fire boss shall make a daily written report in a form approved by the State Inspector of Coal Mines. The report shall be made before the fire boss goes off duty Report. for the day and this report shall be kept as a permanent record. And it shall not be lawful !or any miner to enter any mine or part of mine generating fire damp until it bas been examined by the fire boss aforesaid, and by him reported to be safe. Provided, however, that when special conditions warrant, the State ~nspector of coal Mines may designate a place or places in the mine, where the fire boss can meet the men and pass them to their respective working places. No room shall be driven more than fifty feet in advance of a breakthrough or air- DlstnDCO way; provided, however, that entries or development Ahead of All', laces may be driven three hundred (300) feet ahead of fhe last crosscut, but in that event proper brattice or other means must be used to carry the air to the work- Entrlea, �87 86 Blower F'lul9. CroslCllt SeGI&, Quantity, A.Ir Leiaknc;e. PADel Venttlatlon, Abandoned Plaees. ing face, the same to be approved by the State Inspector of Coal Mines. In any entry or passageway in whlch the ventilation is provided by a blower fan, said fan shall be located at least twenty-five ( 25) feet distant from the returning air, and said fan shall be so located that the returning air shall not re-enter the fan, and provided that the outlet end of tubing used in connection with ~uch blower fan shall not be more than twenty (20) feet from the working face. ALL OROSSCUTS IN ROOMS AND ENTRIES, EXCEPT THE ONE NEAREST TO THE WORKING FACE, SHALL BE SEALED IN SUOH l\lANNER THAT THE AIR CURRENT SHALL BE DIBECTED ACROSS THE WORKING FACE. In all mines the doors used in assisting or directing the ventilation of the mine shall be so hung and adjusted that they will close themselves, or be supplied with springs or pulleys so that they cannot be left standing open." Where special blower fan ventilation is used In driving narrow work in non-gaseous mines, same may be driven 300 feet providing the approval of the State Mine Inspector is first obtained. 1. In no case shall the amount of air passing through the last break-through on any split be less than that set forth In the law. 2. The short circuiting or loss of air through leaks must not in any case exceed 35 per cent of the total air entering any split and, as stated, the amount set forth by law shall pass through the last break-through. 3. The quantity of air passed through any split shall l!>e subject to the approval of the Supervisor of Ventilation. 4. Panels will be ventilated as shown in Fig. 27, wherever it is possible. In any event each panel shall be on its own split. Air shall not pass continuously over two or more panels. 6. In panels or entries not working, that is, standing, the quantity of air passed shall be in accordance with the recommendation of the Supervisor of Ventilation, 6. Abandoned rooms (rooms standing in which the Pillars have not been drawn). shall be walled oft, confining places.the circulation of air to the entries and working 7. When abandoned workings are sealed off stopping-a shall be located as close to worked areas as p~ssible. 8. When a mine is ventilated by having a main return on either side of the slope these main returns are to be connected by means of overcasts at necessary intervals. New mines will be opened with separate returns on each Bide .of the slope. :::;:;"/ >NTAKE// - ~ , RETURN "f'-- : ... •••l!?,..::::::=Jqt:a' _ >, '<QC 1VI .,.~~o ,oo;~~o~~•~~•~•: ~~•~~'.' " ' '' ' .. ""' ~ l lT :: .. : ; . g :-i- ;l; ~ i . • ~ ' : ~~'\:JO i ~~"=J11:JI • • . ~ ~ ' C ]o r -: ~~-c:::::JO . ~~~o; ~~'CJO ~~~~a Each panel tn\l.'lt be on its own split and no air will be permitted to pass over two or m o r e panels continuously. ,~ 01 ; ...::::::::=. ,oo.. 200 fL ..,,., ;,.,. ........, ...... --==:?'/ '! INTAKE / / / • ':i:F- ,RETURN'S'-- ::::t-9. Fig. 27 ~~a ::§.. The f~an housing and air drift shall be of fireproof FireproofIn&'• construction. t· t ters Fan Inatnlhall be equipped with automa 1c s ar , 10. All f ans s ges Motors shall be lntlon. nd open phase relays, a ~::s~~!~~s a'nd endless belts. equipped w!~\:ll~i~fance between pulley centers to be In no case ·w e • of the diameters of the less than thrhee lti~~~etp~ei:uc1:'ses where V-belts or simtwo pulley w ee s, d f ecial drive are use • Motor Uar types o sp be of ample size to give clear- 11.onaln&'. 11. Motor househf!!;; to permit oiling without stopance around mac Belt page of fan. be ro erly guarded by pipe-rails ?r Guards. 12. Be~ts shall ns io Erevent persons from coming in other sU1table mea contact with them. . between main intake and Permanent Stopptng,o. 13 Permanent stoppm1s or tile construction and set ret~rn shall be of c~ncre ,;hickness of wall shall be 6 into the rib 12 Inc esi under excessive cover, and the inches. Where !Dining ttat the use of concrete or tile is crushing effect is sue k 8 may be used in stopping conimpractical, wood bloc proved by the General Manager. i n in a manner ap th the struct o hall be in no case less an l4. overcast areas s hich the overcast is located. area O•~ the air course upon w �88 15. Side walls and top of overcast shall be made of tile or concrete, the top to be re-enforced with steel. 16. No doors shall be placed in overcasts. Instead, inby of the entry upon which the overcast is placed, at the first cross-cut there shall be placed a trap door that may be used as an entrance to the air course (See Fig. 28). In entry stoppings a small door is to be placed every 500 feet to allow rock dusting in back entries. No Doors In Ovel'c,uh. BOllklllr Of 17. The roof above each overcast shall be sloped, eliminating sharp breaks and corners and the end walls of the O'Tercast shall be banked or graded, forming an approach or easement for the air. Drainage under overcasts shall be by pipes and not by ditches, the pipe to extend far enough back from the end wall so that the end banking wlll not cover it. Ends of pipe shall be left open and accessible for rodding in case the pipe becomes plugged. Overcnota. Parallel Intnkel. 18. In all mines having two parallel main intakes the crosscuts between these intakes shall not be blocked. u i f -w J - ,---..a>.=, =~ : .J R1ulo!H ::c;cr ~ :E \!:~~=-::;....====='-= r- U) , 101 uou 01 1tbr of, . ~ • •IO If wilh tro p, Con t• , ,•. C011fU IO ~I <rlCl1 OUlU lo nt11ra Qlf C0\11'11 l ~n Al, C o -. Avoid Sbmp Tuma. Oen,. ter l'ropped. Fig. 28 Overcuts do not Illelude doors. Instead lnby of the entry the first crosscut Will be equJppcd w t th trap door which can be used as an enu-anco to the air course. 19. Air courses must be properly driven, and of uniform cross sectional area, avoiding sharp breaks and ~rn:; tte same to be thoroughly cleared before pulUng e ac , and where the root has a tendency to cave or sloughdall proppe . back entries and main returns shall be center 20. In all mines the doors used in assisting or di- cautton Aa recting the ventilation of a mine shall be so hung and ro Uae of adjusted that they will close themselves, or be supplled Doon. with springs or pulleys, so that they cannot be left standIng open. In addition to this, every door is to have a clearance of 8 Inches from the floor so that loose coal or other material that might be on the floor will not hold a door open. The doors are to have sills to fill up these 8-inch spaces and on haulageways the bottom or door Is to be ot heavy canvas. The use of doors for the directing or diverting of air is prohibited within the mine where this can be accomplished by overcasts, etc. 21. For the handling of explosive gas (CH4) see arethADo. Safety Standards. 22. Fan charts must be changed daily before 7 :30 ExAmlnntlon llllne a . m. and they shall be examined by the Mine Foreman, of Chnrta. who wlll satisfy himself "that the fan has been in continuous operation for not less than six hours preceding his examination of the chart, before permission is given any working force to enter the mine." (See Sec. 23-110, Mining Laws of Wyoming.) Fan charts shall bear the date of their placement on recording instrument, and breaks in graph, whether showing complete stoppage of fan or changes In water gauge, must be explained in detail on back of charts. Explanations such as "power off," " repairing fan," "doors In main return open," etc., will not be accepted as explaining irregularities in water gauge. The Mine Foreman will make prompt delivery of fan charts to Mine Superintendent, who will examine and thereafter countersign same, forwarding all charts to general office on the same day they are removed from the instrument. 23. F a i I u r e o f recording instrument to function JlePo.r t properly must be reported to the Master Mechanic im- FnUnre ro llfaater mediately. The Master Mechanic wlll immediately make lllechnnlc. necessary repairs or adjustments to put instrument in proper working order. All recording instruments shall be surrounded by lamp bank for heating in cold weather. Notify llllne 24. Stopping of fans due to mechanical or electrical FottmAn of failures must be reported to the Master Mechanic or Fan St.opp:>ll<). Chief Electrician immediately upon discovery. It such failure occurs during the working shift the Mine Foreman must be notified at once, also approximate length of time necessary to make repairs mu~t be stated. Mine Foreman shall be notified when repairs are completed and fan is ready for operation. �90 Whento Wlttulmw Men. 25 Whenever it shall be necessary for the mine fans at Hanna to be stopped for more than thirty minutes the men shall be withdrawn from the mine. In the Rock Springs district they shall be withdrawn in case the fan will be stopped for an hour or more. NOTE: If it ls deemed necessary by the Mine Foreman or Superintendent to withdraw the men before the expiration of the above time, they shall act upon their own judgment. 91 26. Fans must not be stopped by any person, for any SUI>erlnteudcause, except for dlsablllty to fan or drive, or upon per- ent to Give mission from the Mine Superintendent. (See "Surface Authority Fires.") to Stop. 27. Measurements of main intakes and returns, also Mr 1tru...nreintake and return of all splits, shall be made at the same mont. point each time anemometer readings are taken. The area of the section where readings are taken la to be marked on rib or roof when possible. Check measurements by Supervisor of Ventilation will be made at these same points. All such readings shall be for a period ot not less than one minute. When measuring air velocities the anemometer must be held so as to run forward and not backward. 28. Each fan shall be equipped with an automatic Aut-Omatfo signalling device similar to that shown in Fig. 29, bell Fnn Signal and light. to be installed at any convenient point designated by the local Superintendent so that those responsible for fan operation wm be immediately warned in case of fan shut-down. • 29. A test shall be made every six months by the Test of Supervisor of Ventilation and the District Electrician of AntomatJo the automatic fan signal. One of these tests shall be Fan Signal. made during the summer and one during the winter when approximately the maximum and minimum temperatures are occurring. In addition to making the tests of the mechanical parts of the device, they shall shut the fan down for at least ten minutes in order to assure themselves that the chimney effect of the fan shart Is not sufficient to render the device inoperative. AUTO)ilATIC PAN SIGNAL Fig. 29-Wami.ng Device In case of Fan Stoppage. �STANDARD SYSTEM FOR OVERCASTS AND METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION 1. Two general types of overcasts a.h all be used. Figures 30 and 31 show type antl construction to be used where the roof conditions are good and where the walls and top will be subjected to but little vertical stress. 2. Figures 32 and 33 show type to be used under heavy cover and poor roof conditions and in which the end walls will be forced to carry considerable weight. c: ·.1 1.1t• .I .ri-"2' LIINC RAILS .... SID[ WAU J~ :;~•A~:8r5:1~t~~1H1 ~ I I I I I I I ' I I I 3. The place shall be properly Umbered before excavation Is made for overcast. '.Al.LS SET IHTO All!I 4. Temporary props as needed shall be placed under lip crossbars before shooting or loading out rock. 5. When the overcast has sufficient area, the roof shall be timbered and lagged. (Fig. 34.) 6. If entry haulage is continued during construction of overcast, temporary props mentioned in Par. 4 must be first removed and standard clearance maintained at all places. If clearance ls not maintained, a flagman must be stationed at the overcast while mine is In operation. 7. If the entry is to be placed in operation before the overcast is completely shot down, all loose rock must be barred down and sufficient timber placed to prevent falling rock during such operation. 8. Whenever developmen t plans show that an overcast will be necessary in the future working of a mine, the place should be driven far enough from the slope to make the necessary air course or manway connections and temporarily stopped until construction of the overcast is completed. Construction can be greatly facilltated If work can progress unimpeded by entry haulage. o• GONC• C1' WA\ C ,, 1 u CCHCAUC ANO STtCL WOAlt rOR OitACA1t• Fi so-concrete Slab, Reinforced By Rails Across g. Entry, For Use Under Light Cover. �94 95 _.,,,---~ ., (" ~ ; ,;, / / I I / al 1~1 IN.c:t IACUG.I.U ! ,. I c,. , •11'lt aoca I I ' ' ~ 1101 WA\LI ' COJ.CALlt JlOOQ &UO.tJi:ftlOlO INTO AOor fo1t ,..,_., Q..11'..I AC.C::CU ,Ort AU "'OACIMO 1t/J DU.. l\oOIOIITI00111 INO WA\.L.I "'"'' .. ' ..,, :I ,: I I l r0(WAL~I IU •HTO 9'1D ~~ TICNT .101-,1 KC1ION n . l ICC IW.I,· KAI.C•r"•I tOOT Fig, Sl-Cross Section of Completed Overcast For Light Cover. " ",, . " cote.Un Ate ,n:tL wou rOA OltatAlf. Fig, S~Belnforced Concrete Slab Supported by I Beams. ThJs Method To Be Used Under Heavy Cover Conditions, �BLOWER FAN VENTILATION 1. Fig. 35 shows the method of Installing blower fans for the ventilation of entries being driven In development. In no case must the blower be placed nearer than 26 feet to the last crosscut or break-through. • ,._,,,, ...:· .....,...,.,. .... • -,cu, tt'l r c.••IOI • • ~ - 2. The volume of air passing on the entry In which the blower ls Installed must not be less than 2 ½ times the capacity of the blower. This wlll Insure against th e recirculation of air through the blower fan . 3. Crosscuts being driven ofi main entries must be driven by h aving the blower discharge directly into them. f! a 11 -! m,pft&t l C:C ..,a. W......C•f'• tnlCt l.AIWC Fig. SS-Cross Section of Completed Overcast F or Heavy Cover. l ' i. 11WKA Nf'C,Mg llfTO a.e t.oof IUHOATIQ 0 11 UCGIIIIO Tt'S YIC\IMOOIIIAD,ioc,' CO!Gl,ONI i ,1n, ~,.-o,o It ~m "l ii I-=..- !i !! 0 .I i - , ~ ~ r \ D C a o , W M_ , ____ _ t Ott$:,11~~ ~ :I • ~ c, ~ u i l b l'\..ACC tot OtUCAST , ~ i ;a I a f2"'I ~► "w r 0 i i ii ~I ... H : :. ~; ~ Ji .a, • ~~ !~1 !:i ] ii h! l ::::~;~~;::. : ··- ? i2 ll'l ~'l - ..., . , . , J ...,...,_ _R , f Fig. 84-Showtng Method of Preparing Phwe For Overcast. Fig. 85-Installatlon of Blower Fans. �99 4. The volume of air passing on the entry upon which the blowers are located must not be less than three tlme9 the sum of the capacities of all blowers located upon that entry. 0- 'I/) 0 0 11.· / 0 0 .. a N = 0 C 0 0 ,.-~ .. jg v_ Not more ll'lan 2.() it. Swjvtl 0 0 -!a hsna- i. I .. .:? : ;..:! le ;;;.s ~ 0 z 0 NOTE• Tu~ftO must ~ tupporte!S o."I m,nenoer ~ :::l :::E 1/) win and rro.lntalnod nol matt than 20 feet fro'!' foce. Tublno • 0 • 0 to be corrlod on opposllo ~~w tidt of room from Mon• 1/) !I?!: :!,Cl):::E WO)' z>-c11 itl= z z :! a:W :C til.., g m z a: RETURN AIR ,_ ::, "' a: Curtain l . a ~ ----------l"' "AULAGE ENTRY ,:: INTAKE 6 I l !?l VENTILATING UPHILL PLACES NON· GAS ~ E ; - - Fig. 86-Ventilatlng uphlll places. 5 0 36 forR~~t~tln! pl~~gement shown in Fig. Note: Rules 1 to 5 • 1 • mines only, ' me usive, apply to non-gaseous ?-~~~1i/ Fig, S'7 6 Fig 37 shows arrangement for 3-entry development t Hann~ or other gassy mines. All blower fans shall ~e of the :'permissible" type. �100 IDLE MACHINERY 101 USE OF LIFTING JACKS !iAe!lmel'J' to Be Kept ~oeable. Beturu BolTC>W'ed Parte, ~alnllDd Beplac&- .._t. of ldle:Ha,.. chlnflrT, 1. Idle machinery, such as pumps, motors, hoists. locomotives, etc., shall be kept In serviceable condition at all times unless ft has been definitely decided by the General Manager, together with the General Master Mechanic or Chief Electrician, that certain equipment fa to be withdrawn from service. 2. It Is permissible to take parts from any Idle equipment In case of emergency to repair similar equipment, but just as soon as this le done, replacement parts shall be ordered and repairs completed prompUy. 3. Machinery located at any mine (Inside or outside) which Is Idle temporarily should be gone over thoroughly and proper repairs and replacements made to make and keep such equipment In first class operating condttJon at all times. 1. Examine jack carefully for defects. Do not use a de. fective jack. 2. Use only regular jack handle. The use of machine bars, pieces of pipe, etc., ls forbidden. 3. See that foot of jack ls firmly placed and secured against slipping. 4. Place small block of wood between lifting surface of jack and machine. 5. Have sufficient blocking and crib material on hand. 6. Follow the machine up or down with crib and blocks as it Is being raised or lowered. 7. Always remove jack handle when jack ls not being operated. 8. Do not go into narrow space between machine and walls or other objects unW cribbing has been completed and jacks removed. �102 103 MOVING SHAKER CONVEYOR SYSTEMATIC TIMBERING 1. When a shaking conveyor is to be _moved, the. Unit Standar d method of timbering and recovery of props, driving of rooms and entries, and t he successive steps in pulling pillars in rooms and entries, is shown in Fig. 38. Foreman will examine the new location and ascertain that the place has been properly prepared. 2. The Unit Foreman will see that proper tools and equipment are available. _. 3. The Unit Foreman will designate a lead man for the moving crew who has been trained in the moving of shaker units. 4. The Unit Foreman will instruct the lead man as to exact methods of completing the work. 5. The lead man will check aU tools and equipment, reporting any shortages or defects to the Unit Foreman. 6. The lead man will check aU hitches and fastenings before any strain is put upon them. 7. Where lifting jacks are used, the general rules (Page 101) covering the use of lifting jacks must be followed. 8. When any piece of shaker equipment is being moved by locomotive, cutting machine, or other application of power, no one will be permitted to get in a position where he can be struck if the piece being moved catches or skids. Men must remain in the rear or front of the eqUipment until movement is stopped. 9. Where equipment is being moved on pitching bottom, caution must be used to see that it cannot slide downhill out of control. 10. The following methods for controlling moving equipment in pitching places are approved: (a) Holding back with rope of mining machine. (b) Use hemp snubbing rope with secure snub around well-set prop. (c) Holding by means of standard prop puller or pull lift. 11. Where shaker engines are being moved by dragging with a rope-equipped cutting machine, one rope from the _machine must be fastened to' the high side of the engine and kept taut so as to prevent the engine from sliding downhill. The other cutting machine rope must be secured to a jack pipe so that the cutting machine ls firmly anchored. These fastenings must not be removed until the engine has been cribbed and aligned and the jacks removed. Whe.r e the use of a cutting machine is not practical, a prop puller or pull lift may be used in a similar manner. 12. The U~t Foreman will check on the progress of the operation as often as his duties will permit. ..... . . ,p,o uo O.,puad,p ""'.O•Z•'""'•;z ! ! '»t.U)al D a,ow l'rsb ts \&l!JU ;aad 10 p;cJOil a,o, J:J'I' 1-.-- ---' J.10 ,O Q ~ : : • • • • - ... ":-:"8'\ : : : ... ... -.!~ I II I ~- ... ~~c ::-: • fO. ·::·::: ==::;-;,.,i~ Fig. 88 �105 104 RECOVERING TIMBERS DWBetweell Prop,. P?ops Plllllr at Pockete. 1. When driving rooms and straight props are to be used, the props are to be set at no greater distance apart than five-foot centers. 2. In all mines, where timber is being recovered, the prop pullers will set enough timbers as a breaking row to Insure the breaking off of any fall of cap rock or roof, this breaking row to be set so that at no time wlll It be necessary for the men recovering the timbers to go a greater distance than 26 feet from the breaking line. 3. Three rows, or more if necessary, of props on not less than one-foot centers shall be set at 11pper end of all pillar pockets. 4. All employes engaged in recovery of props must use a mechanical prop-puller of the Sylvester, or equal., type. 5. All employes engaged in r ecovery of props must have at least two years practical mining experience under conditions comparable with those under which prop pulling is being done. SURFACE FIRES Fnn 1. In the event that any structures such as tipples Stopping Sm-face or other Inflammable buildings In the vicinity of the For Ji'ln,s. mine mouth catch fire, the mine ventllating fan should be stopped In order that the smoke may not be drawn Into the mine and circulated around the mine workings, causing injury or death to employee. All men should then be withdrawn from the mine without delay. 2. Unless existing structures located within 100 feet F1n, of any mine opening are of reasonably fire-proof construc- Doon. tion, fire doors shall be erected at effective points in mine openings to prevent smoke or fire from outside sources endangering men working underground. These doors shall be tested at least monthly to insure effective operation. llemoto 3. Where fans are remote from the mine entrance, Fiu,s. and are electrically driven, they should be stopped by pulling the power switch, whether the switch be at the main J>OWer plant or at some distributing station. 4. Certain responsible persons, delegated by the Mine Authority Delegated to Superintendent, should be instructed to do this under Respomlbl& the above condition. Where mine fans are In close, or Persou. reasonably close, proximity to the main intake then, Ukewise, similarly responsible persons should be designated by the Mine Superintendent to stop the fans. �106 RAILROAD CAR RETARDER SAFETY RAil.S ca.. lld4rder S<Lfety RAIi•. At each tipple having a Fairmont Standard Type Railroad Car Retarder, there shall be installed safety rails which shall conform in plan to Fig. 39. Rails "B" are to be set in concrete 2 to 4 feet below surface, depending on character of sou, ran "A" to be set 2 feet in soil. 1. ,0°11.Ans ,ct inConcrd¢ oh LI Sd /1.1,ils ¼· frorn Shu.v~ wilh full tension on Sprinq. PLAN Fig. S~Rallroad Car Reta:rder Safety Ralls. CONCRETE Concrete ls particularly well adapted to use In mines since it has a remarkably high resistance to deterioration under the severest condltlons of mine use. It Is one ol the most economical ln cost of an permanent building materials, and much of the new construction as well as replacement and repair work around a coal mine can be done by mine forces. Certain fundamental requirements for the selection Cement and care of materials should be observed to produce the Ston,ge, most durable job. Cement should be stored in dry places or under waterproof coverings to protect it from hardening due to dampness. Storage in the mine may result in some loss of strength especially if the mine Is damp. Sand should be clean and free from particles of shale, fire clay, or coal dust. For the coarse aggregate in concrete it ls desirable to use only clean, tough, crushed natural stone or gravel. Many of the natural rocks in and around a coal mine are not suitable for the making of a good grade of concrete. This refers especially to slates, shales, fire clay and soft sandstones. These materials tend to disintegrate at the surface of the concrete, thus paving the way to progressive damage. H.lxlng Mechanical mixing should be used whenever possible, Ooncttte. mixing to contl.nue for not less than 1 ¼ minutes. Hand mlxing ls often necessary in a mine. Hand mixing should be done on a tight platform, and the most unllorm mixing w-ill be obtained If the fine aggregate is first spread out on the platform, followed by the cement and coarse aggregate, and the whole mass turned over three or four ti.mes before water is added, a little at a time, In a crater in the center of the mu:. Hand mixing should continue until the mass Is of uniform color throughout and all stones are well coated with mortar. Too much water should never be used. Not only does too much water weaken the concrete, but it makes it porous and of low resistance to weathering and results In a mixture that cannot be placed without segregation. Forms should be water · tight and well braced. The Fomis and pressure of wet concrete which a form must sustain varies Belnforcoment. with the depth and rate of placement. Reinforcement should be so placed that it will be covered by at least 1 inch of concrete in roof slabs or walls and 2 Inches in beams and columns. Where water ls encountered, all steel should, be covered by at least 2 ¾ Inches of sound concrete to prevent corrosion, which wlll cause the concrete to spoil or si:,Ut. �109 When concrete ls placed to any considerable depth, spading combined with excess of water will usually cause fine materials, dirt and scum, to rise to the surface. This solidifies In a soapy layer and is called laitance. It has very little if any strength and should be scraped off as soon as the concrete has stiffened. If left In place it will disintegrate and leave a weak spot In the structure. When placing concrete In winter there la danger that freshly placed concrete will freeze. Alternate freezing and thawing will completely destroy the concrete, while a single freezing may impair the strength and durability of the job. Because of these facts special precautions are required for cold weather work. There is little likelihood that concrete will ever be subjected to freezing temperatures underground. Heating aggregates and mixing water and enclosing the work, together with provisions for artificial heat over a period of five or six days, la the usual method of protecting concrete. PUMPS 1. The pump should be located In an accessible po- Locntlon. sition as close to Its source of supply as possible, and should be placed below the water level ln the sump so that water may flow Into the pump by gravity, particularly In the case of a centrifugal pump. Wherever possible, a sump arrangement as shown in Fig. 40 and Fig. 41 should be used. Suction pipe should be about 12 Inches above the floor of sump and should pass through the concrete wall or dam in a suitably packed joint, and in no case should lt be grouted solidly. A suitable drain shall be Installed and placed so that its ,i nlet wlll be directly below the strainer in the sump. Sudden opening of the valve on this drain would tend to dislodge any sediment which had collected around the strainer. 1,1:Jre . Th~ dam a,.C IOU,. Oill"V fl'mf'I fl'lo,~ or A & I Ii', In fixing the proportions of the mix, varying types or work will require varying proportions. The average for ordinary work will be 1 part of cement, 2 ½ parts of sand and 4 parts of coarse aggregate, using the minimum of water to give a workable mass. Care should be taken when using a shovel as a measuring unit that the shovel is heaped the same for each shovelful. Uee of Quid[ Set- ting Cement. Couult ~ Depo.rtment on SJM)CIAI WOik. Where quick setting is essential, about four· sacks ot "Lumnite" or similar quick-setting cement should be kept In stock for emergency use. On all special work, such as beams, walls, water-tight structures and reinforced work the Engineering Department should be consulted before the work ls undert11ken. ~ump end Dam Arrangement on Pit,hing Se.onu or the Unlon Pac:irlc Cool Ci:,:mp or.y 11,,,.;..,....,.«fjltlllt.l.,,,_,_.,,,,;,,,,,,"~M• f'l'lh/)f . , wrTf'V ondJ-"I' ~q,o<,ty Fig. 40-Swnp Arrangement. 2 The pump foundation shall be substantial enough Bettlnll'• to s~pport the pump rigidly and shall extend high enough • bove the floor line to provide for the draining of Ieak!ge from plungers or stufllng boxes and so that the entire pump may be kept clean. 3. All piping must be so supported that the pump c.a stlngs are relieved of an strain. piping shall be at least the size df the pump ii::::=ta.nd 4• The and in case of long lifts shall be at least one 0on:nect1ons. ~~~!~ger. In case the suction piping receives its water �110 111 under pressure, a gate valve shall be installed to allow removal of the pump for repairs. The piping shall be as short and direct as possible and any turns should be made with long radius bends. A suitable strainer must be provided. A check valve may be placed on pump suctions having a long lift but should not be installed unless absolutely necessary, as there is danger of split- ting pump casting if the valve closes before the one on the discharge, in case of sudden pump stoppage. 6. This piping shall be at least the size of opening In the pump for short lines, aud fn the case of long lines must be enough larger to greatly reduce the friction losses. 7 I i, :• 'I ]: • I I: ' ~-~tti1\\,:.t, -:~~,~/\' ! i l ir ·' ;:,S Fig. 42-Gear Guards for Pumps. VB!vo l:[ ;h l&i Fig. il-Concrete Water Dam. 6. In the installation of a plunger pump, no gate or LocaUOD, globe valve shall be used without the use of a relief valve between the gate or globe valve and the pump. A check valve shall be placed In the discharge line to protect the pump from water hammer when the power Is suddenly cut oft. • �112 Checknnd o..te Valve on Dbcharge trom Cfllltnf~. SJ)edal 'Pressure G11Ui;e. DmlnBre Lines. Prlznmlr Linea. Gear Onard& for Pnmps, 7. In the installation of a centrifugal pump, a check valve and a gate valve shall be used, the check valve to be between the gate valve and the pump to allow Inspection of the check valve in case of leakage. The gate valve shall b!l used for throttling in case pump duty Is somewhat under its rated head, and also in starting up or shutting down the pump to avoid stresses thrown on the pump by suddenly having full load thrown upon it and water hammer, respectively. 8. The discharge line shall be tapped between gate valve and pump for a pressure gauge, and static and dynamic pressure readings taken on the larger installations and a record made of same. 9. To prevent damage to the internal wearing parts of centrifugal pumps, in case they suddenly lose water, a special pressure gauge shall be mounted on the first stage of the casings. This gauge shall be equipped with electrical circuit-closing contacts which are wired ln series with the under-voltage release on the motor starter. _It the pressure is lost in the pump casing, the gauge will close the electrical circuit, thus stopping the motor. A normally open push button on the motor panel w!ll be used to short circuit the contacts in the special pressure gauge while starting the motor. 10. A suitable line for draining discharge line shall b_e installed between gate valve and the pump. These Imes shall be placed in a common header and carried to a point outside of the pump room. 11. In case of pumps having a suction lift a line may be tapped onto discharge line ahead of gate valve and tapp~d into suction line. An centrifugal pumps must be provided with the necessary valves to allow all air to escape while the pump is being primed. 12. Gear guards for pumps must be made of substantial material and construction, •and so designed that they will afford the greatest protection from acciden!s. Each different type of pump calls for a different design of gear guard, so it is impossible to standardize on a particular construction. Gears which are located outside of bearings, and are thus the outermost ·moving pa~ts of the pump, must be fully covered as to rim mesh an exposed side, as shown by "A," Fig. 42. Ge'ars 10 : cated on shaft inside of outboard bearing are usually iangerous only from contact with the rim • which should e covered with a band somewhat wider 'than the gear face and plates should cover the point at which gears mesh as shown by "B•" Fig. 42• In case of large gears full id this ~YP~ s\ould be used if possible. Guards of 1e~';ior protection to operator and inspector !1I and the pump must be stopped for greasing and all adjustments, even though of minor character, 13. Pumps used In temporary settings, as in slope sinking, should be fitted with guards before installation and should be so set that a fence may be maintained for the protection of persons In passing. 14. Deep-well pumps of the reciprocating type, con- Deep weu slating of a geared or belt-driven driving head on the Pumps. surface actuating a vertical sucker rod, present about the same problems for lubrication and guarding as the plunger pumps which are covered in a previous paragraph. The centrifugal type, with its rapidly rotating vertical shaft which has numerous bearings to prevent shaft whip, must be given particular attention, as an accident to the shaft or parts below the surface may require dismantling of the entire shaft and casing. The shaft Is protected from contact with the liquid pumped by a cover pipe, the couplings of this pipe also constituting the bearings for the shaft. Oil 1s Introduced at the top bearing and lubricates all bearings as It travels downward on the shaft. This oil feed, best accomplished by use ot a wick-siphon type of oner, must be started sufficiently in advance of starting the pump to allow oil to reach all bearings on the shaft before the pump ls started. The weight of the shafting and rotating parts of the pump Is carried on a ball bearing, or a Kingsbury type thrust bearing, and, in the case of a large pump, water· cooling of the oil in this bearing is necessary, and provision should be made for a sufficient discharge head to supply this cooling water if no other supply Is available. Permanent marks on the pump casting or measurements taken will provide means for checkfog wear on the thrust bearing so that the clearance of pump parts below the surface may be maintained to prevent damage at the bottom of the well. In the installation of equipment of this kind, where the quantity of water to be pumped ls not known, knowledge must be obtained usually by a temporary air lift so that the proper size equipment may be purchased, or, in the case of air-lift pumping, so that the proper depth of hole may be drilled to attain the proper submergence for efficient pumping. Each deep well should have a suitable steel headframe or tower to facilltate repa'1r of broken parts or leaky pipes. �115 SHAKING CONVEYOR INSTALLATIONS 1. Fig. 43 shows the arrangement of entry crosscuts for shaking conveyors, and Figure 44 shows standard Installation of loading head ends for shaking conveyors. -~ ( ".. 0. ~ ::, .0 o-' --ma- 0 .I! .. t f· 0: ;;: e ~ i i .. 0 = ~s ~,! ~ ~ o- ii "O ":lo -.. !: "!!! u ,,g _., ,, :: ~If) .. .... "- _ ., ll o l;.., ,, C o- .. 0 :::c 0 0 Ql 0. 0 e .. C 2 u., C C 0 . " 0 ::, ~ ~ "" .., '" C l 0 u !? u 9 ~ .. .... .; 0" C .. !? ;::!J 0. 0. ::, :-:: 9C ~ MO ;; C = 3' - f~ "= ~; =·· g,, ~! _.., ~ 0. ii: :, C .. C .5 0 -:: 0. o- .J 0 "0 .,-o::: E Oo Fig. 44-Standard Installation of Loading Bead End for Shaking Conveyor Using Pipe Supports. Fig. 48-Arrangement of Entry CrosscutB for Shaking Conveyors. �U6 117 GREASING OF WIRE ROPE OU l'eoetmtton. 1. The proper oil should be a preservative which not only penetrates to the hemp center of the rope On order to saturate it and prevent absorption of water) but also thoroughly coats the inside of each strand. 2. The main haulage rope shall be greased at least once each week, and panel slope ropes twice each month. 3. Ropes shall be greased by passing the ropes through "V" shaped troughs, this to be done at the end of the shift and the rope allowed to lie in the slope over night off the drum. Those portions that cannot be passed through the grease box, but must remain on the drum, shall be painted. AnneaJJ.og and Reoettlnl:'. 4. Sockets must be annealed and reset every four months, a record of annealing and resetting of sockets to be kept by the Mine Superintendent, the record to be signed by the party doing, or having charge of, the work. ,NOTE: Where It has been the practice to make rope sockets locally, this will be discontinued as it -l s possible to purchase equipment of this kind fully as good as that made locally. • 6. One complete socket and shackle shall be kept at each mine, annealed and ready for replacement. WIRE ROPE Important Precaution.-In the manufacture of wire l'recnatlona to be rope, great care ls exercised to twist the wire in the Observed strands and the strands In the rope under uniform ten- Wherr Outtlns sion. If the ends of wire rope are not properly secured Rope. the original relation of tension, as manufactured, will be disturbed and maximum service wm not be obtained due to the fact that some strands are carrying the greater portion of the load. When cutting steel wire rope It Is very essential to place three sets of seizings each side of the cut to prevent disturbing the uniformity of the rope. The placing of proper seizing requires considerable practice and it Is therefore advocated that the average user of wire rope exercise great care when placing seizings and for safety use a greater number of seizings than spec!fted. Unless a serving mallet Is used, there is no advantage In making more than 1 O wraps of wire per seizing. Annealed Iron Wire of the following sizes should be used for seizing: Birmingham Wire Gauge Wire Diam. Diam. Rope 18 %x¼ In....... . .. . ... . .047 in. 17 in. % In.••• • •••• • • • • • • • • • .064 16 I¼ in.• •• ••• • • • • • • • • • • • . 063 in. 14 % and 1¼ in.. . •••• •••• • .080 in. 12 1¼ and 1% in... • ••••• ·• .106 in. 9 2 ln. and larger • . • • • • • • • • .136 in. �I' 118 119 ROPE INSPECTOR'S REPORT Mfne........................................Locatlon................................ . Date..............: .........Date of Last Inspection........................ Diameter of Rope..........................Length............................ Gross weight of trip hauled..........tons. Slope angle........ Manufacturer of rope-························································· Kind of rope, lay, strand, steel, etc.: .................................. Condition of Socket..........: ................................................... Date Socket was last annealed........................................... . Condition of rope· ................................................................ Date rope was installed........................................................ Probable remaining lite of rope.......................................... Has rope proven satisfactory to date?·-·······--···················· If not, how and why has It failed: .................................... Date last greased.................................................................. Date rope was turned............................................................ Date removed.·-·················-····-····-····································· Total life of rope.............................................................. Tons hoisted••••.•................................................................ Cost of rope···············-····················································· Cost of rope per ton carried.-......................................... ----- ...--······-..........·----......·····----····-----...................... • •·• ·····--------................._. ··- ----- .......... ----- ... ------ ............... -········-· Signed: ••••••••••••••••••............. ................................................. NOTE T'-'Inspector. cate on : .....,. report shall be made monthly, in triplll j e copy to be forwarded to general omce one to c~«;1ni:u:::ii:teudhent, and one 1lled w.tth the Muter Meg c arge of the inspection. PROPER SOCKETING OF WIRE ROPE TO DEVELOP ITS FULL STRENGTH 1. Measure from end of rope a length equal to basket of socket. Serve at this point with not Iese than three seizings. Cut out hemp center. Open strands. 2. Separate wires in strands, straighten by means of an Iron pipe. Cleanse with kerosene oil. Wipe dry. 3. Dip wire •I nto ½ muriatic acid ½ water (use no stronger solution). Keep wires in long enough to be thoroughly cleansed. Wipe dry. Serve ends temporarily so that socket may slip over all wires. Be sure to cut this temporary serving as soon as the rope has entered the base of the socket. 4. Have all wires evenly distributed and even with the top of the basket. Place fireclay around base of socket. 6. Pour In molten zinc. Do not use lead, babblt, or other anti.friction or low-melting alloy. 6. Allow to cool before using. It Is not necessary to remove the seizings, though all except the one at the base of the socket may be removed if desired. �120 121 WIRE ROPE INCLINED PLANES Dlmenslone and Strength 6 Strands, Hemp Core Crucible Steel ., .; .. i:: cl .. a:. ..a., G) G)., d~ ila .. f~] i:i.,.., -.. ta • -., ~ . ~ ta () ,; Plow Steel i: i:: .; .,... om ta • s:I~ ~i:: .. 0 0~ s:::S ,<:O'tl tar.. i:: ;;;po ol i:: ., ~ . :;;ta IQrn~ ~s fQ~t ";s..::S -r:: A ... P.- i:: --:u ... coo ~ ll<lll :& ft % % .126 .16 .22 .30 .39 .60 .62 .75 .89 1.20 1.68 2 2.46 3 3.66 :!h 8 ~~ cl ., S:: CD ., i: ~i:: .. 0 0~ ., N in a,. ::,:,. e~ .,.., _,,:., rn..:i i'or: .68 .88 1.20 1.40 2 2.40 3.20 3.60 4.60 6.20 7.60 9.40 12 14.40 16.40 1.75 2.26 2.75 3 3.50 4 4.50 4.76 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 .53 .76 1.16 1.60 2 2.40 3.10 4.60 6.80 7.60 9.40 1 1.26 1.60 1.76 2 2.26 2.50 3 3.60 4 4.60 6 6.60 6 6.60 7 8 8 9 10 11 ... a! o:I 0 cm., 7 Wires per Strand la ½ fa % u ¾ 1 1¼ 1¼ 1½ 1¾ 2 21,fi 2¼ % 2¾ l¼ 3 3½ 4 4¼ 41¼, 1 1¾ 1% 1½ ¼ ft % n ½ fa % ¾ 1 % l¾ l¼ 1% l½ Ha 1¾ 1% 2 2¼ 2½ 2¾ ¾ 1 l¼ l¼ 1½ 1%. 2 2¼ 2% 3 3½ 4 4¼ 4%, 6 6¼ 6¾ G¼ 7¼ 7% 8% .10 .16 .22 .30 .39 .60 .62 .89 1.20 1.68 2 2.46 3 3.66 4.16 4.86 6.66 6.30 8 9.86 11.96 2.6 .6 3.4 3.6 .7 4.4 4.6 .9 6.9 6.6 1.1 7 7.7 1.5 10 10 2 12 13 2.6 16 16.4 3.1 18 18.6 3.7 23 24 4.8 31 31 6.2 38 37 7.4 47 46 ' 9.2 60 63 10.6 72 63 12.6 82 19 Wires per Strand 2.20 .44 2.66 3.10 .62 3.80 4.80 .96 6.76 6.60 1.30 8 8.40 1.68 10 10 2 12.30 12.60 2.60 16.60 17.60 3.60 23 23 4.60 29 30 6 38 38 7.60 47 47 9.40 68 66 11.20 72 64 12.80 82 72 14.40 94 86 17 112 96 19 127 106 21.20 140 133 26.60 186 170 34 229 211 42.20 276 12 14 16 19 22 26 28 37 46 66 Where wire ropes are used f or moving loads on slopes and lncUned planes, the stress es to which the ropes are subjected ls a function of the Inclination of the plane. In the table below are given the stresses per ton of load for planes of different degrees of •Inclination. An allowance Is made for rolling friction, but the weight of the rope Is not taken Into account. In long hauls, however, the latter is a factor of Importance and must be allowed for. In using the table a factor of safety of from five to seven should be employed. That Is, the working stresses on the rope should not exceed one-fifth to one-seventh of the breaking stress. For very steep planes, a safety !actor of five may be used; but for gentle Inclines, where the rope drags heavily, a factor of six or seven should be used. Stresses In Lbs. Corresponding Elevation on Rope per Ton Angle of In of 2,000 Lbs. Load IncUnatton 100 Feet 112 2° 62' 6 211 6° 43' 10 308 8° 32' 16 404 11 ° 19' 20 497 14 ° 02' a6 686 16° 42' 30 673 19° 17' 36 764 21 ° 48' 40 832 24° 14' 46 906 26° 34' 60 Example: How many cars can be safely handled on a 14° 02' pitch with a six-strand, 19-wlre, plow-steel rope, 1 ¼ Inches diameter, assuming weight of empty car to be 4,600 pounds and holding 7,400 pounds of coal? Solution: Wt. of car. . . . . . 4,600 lbs. Wt. of coal. ..... 7,400 ·lbs. 11,900 lbs. or 5.95 tons. From above formula stresses on rope on 14° 02' pitch 497 X 6.96 =or2,957 lbs. 1.6 tons. Safe working load 1 ¼ plow steel rope (Page 120) 12 tons + 1.5 = 8 cars �123 122 Example: What size plow-steel rope, six-strand, 19wlre, must be used on a 14° 02' pitch to safely handle ten c1<rs, assuming weight of car to be 4,600 lbs. and the weight of coal to be 7,400 lbs.? Solution: Wt. of car. . . . . . 4,600 lbs. Wt. of coal. . .... 7,400 lbs. 11,900 lbs. or 6.96 tons. From above formula stresses on rope on 14 ° 02' pitch 4 97 X 5.96 = 2,967 lbs. or 1.6 tone. For ten cars lO X 1.5 tons = 15 tons. From table, page 120, safe working load for 1 % -In. rope is 14 tons and for a 1 'Ai in rbope 16 tons. Therefore a 1 ½ in rope must e used. • DRAWBAR, BRAKE AND HITCHING INSPECTION 1. Mine car inspectors shall carry hammers and give Exnmlnntton. tlie drawbars a thorough physical inspection by tapping or other means. 2. Defective cars shall be marked, plainly setting lllArk Dete<>t. forth the defect. 3. All cars round in good cond.ltlon shall be marlced ~lnrldng with chalk.-"Hitching O. K." o. K. 4. In case defective cars are found within the mine, these cars are to be brought to the surface singly, properly secured by a wire rope (not to be brought out on regular trip). Dnmpe.r 6. The man on the dump (preferably the coupler) to IMped Is to be charged with the responslblllty of watching fo-r DnUy. defective drawbars. Any cars found defective are to be marked and set out Immediately; they must not under any circumstance be returned to the mlne without a shop O. K. 6. Rope riders, motor men and all haulage men arc Bettina" out to be instructed to watch for defective hltchings and, U of B. o. Caro. found, they are to be marked and set out. (They must not be taken out unless properly secured by wire rope.) 7. These Inspections shall be made monthly and a Monthly report of such inspections forwarded to the General Manager. :;rn:n:!~~ Pit OBr 8. Monthly Inspection will include mine car brakes Bmko and the report should state definitely the number of IDspecUon. brakes Inoperative at the time of the inspection. If, at any ttme, as many as five per cent of the total mine cars have defective brakes, the total number will be taken out of service at once and not returned until repairs have been made. �124 125 MINE TRACK STANDARDS MINING MACIIlNE INSPECTION Monthly ExA.mlnAtlon nnd ll<?J)<lrt. Seleottou ot lack• pJpes. B. O. Jnck-plpas. t. A monthly inspection shall be made by Machine Bosses of all mining machines and equipment pertaining thereto. Reports of these inspections shall be forwarded to the General Manager in Rock Springs. 2. Particular attention shall be paid to jackpipee to see that they are of the proper length and of such construction to best perform the duties to which they are assigned. • 3. Jackplpes with broken "fishtails" wm be considered defective and shall either be repaired or retired from service. The Mine Superintendent at each property must see Standllrd that each Foreman and assistant Is supplied with copies Trnck Dlngroms. of track data and turnout diagrams. Each mine employe who may have supervision of track Is to be provided with a copy of track standards. In cases where data Is insufficient, or there may be a dou_bt as to their meaning, the engineer of the property will supply the Information. Sn.fety or 1. Safety is, in each case, the first consideration and In. s tallnllon. all installations must be made with this In view. Ali switches, frogs, guard rails or other trac!t equipment where a person may be liable to receive inJury Is to, be properly blocked or guarded. This Is to apply to both inside and outside track. 2. Switch throws are to be of the "parallel" type with Typo. a ground throw. No new installations are to be made with switch stands. Grolllldlnr lllnchlnes. 4. Machines will be inspected to see that grounds are properly attached as called for ill the Code of Standards. U&e Of Cuttei-.b11r Gnarde, 6. Machines equipped with cutter-bar guards wlll have the guards in place and in working condition. 3. Switch throws or other devices shall not be installed on the same aide of the track as the trolley. Repnlr Defective Equipment. 6. All defective equipment will be immediately repaired. TRACK CLEARANCE AND SHELTER HOLES Ncm-Uao Of Defective Eqo.lpment, 7. No machine which, in the opinion of the Machine Boss, is unsafe will be allowed to operate. It repairs cannot be made at once, the machine will be considered as out of service until repairs have been made. =~=~ 1 In all haulage ways and rooms hereafter construct- ~llnlmum ed ~r developed, in which mine cars are operated, a mini- 01earnnoe. clearance of not less than twenty-four inches shall :U:tabllshed and maintained, on the operating side, bet e the int ot widest dimension of the mine car, and :;b, ~er, over-cast, or other condition that resu•icts clearance. J:: Room necks are to be so turned and track so laid Boom Neclu. as give a clearance of not less than distance shown In rule 1. ~o to be provided with the above 3• Parting tracks e.re The minimum distance between standard clearanc!ide or parting tracks wlll be such track center~llo:e not less than 18 inches clearance bethat there w and prop when cars are standing on tween cars, or cars • ) the parting. (See Fig. 45, Page 127• it all switch throws on any track at any Sll'.ltch 4. Qppots ek must be given not less than standard Throws. place the rac clearance. �126 Pa.nel&, 6. Panel slope tracks shall be so laid as to give the proper standard clearance on both sides of the track for the entire length of panel. Long Straight 6. On long, straight runs of locomotive and rope haulage the clearance will be required on one side only but this clearance must not alternate from side to side of the track. Bum. UIHI Of P1acm11J1. Authorhed Exoeptlou. 7. In all haulage ways not having full standard clearance where tripe have to be moved temporarily by horses, motors or hoists, there shall be a flagman who shall go ahead of each trip, flagging and stopping the trip until pedestrians have reached a place of safety, that Is, where there Is sufficient clearance t9 prevent an accident. 127 Clearance along high side 24" from car to ib or car to prop I 'j STOP CARS HERE MAINTAIN CLEARANCE - - - - - - - , IN ALL INSTANCES 8. In places where clearance cannot be provided, such as partings and turnouts which are heavily timbered, or where permanent overcasts have been put in, which It would not be desirable to change, these places shall be properly lighted, whitewashed, and a sign lllumlnated by a red light shall be posted noting that there Is insufficient clearance. Clearance along high side 24" from car to rib or car to prop -- -- - - - - - --- .. 9. Shelter holes shall be provided along haulage entries where locomotive or rope haulage is used. Such shelter holes shall be spaced not more than 80 feet apart. Except where the trolley wire is 6 feet or more above the road-bed or guarded effectively at the shelter holes, they shall be on the side of the entry opposite the trolley wire. ;;~~;~~f;;;!s~~2;~;;3 }$}Jtp))iWI~,:;;£ ,.: : :..oma:::nscwwwm fil!..__ PARTING 24" clearance between cars _or cars and props except at ends of porting where this may be reduced. to 18" but trips must not be left standing beyond this point. 10. Shelter holes shall be at least 5 feet in dep'th, not more than 4 !eet in width and 6 feet in height, or as high as the traveling space, if the traveling space is less than 6 feet high. Room necks and cross-cuts may be used as shelter even though their width exceeds 4 feet. (See Fig. 22, holes page 65.) STANDARD CLEARANCE SLOPE AND ENTRY PARTINGS 11. Shelter holes shall be provided at all switch throws. Fig. 46 12. At each landing of a slope where men are passing and cars are hauled a shelter hole at least 10 feet deep 4 feet wide and 6 feet high shall be provided. ' 13. Shelter holes shall be kept clear of refuse and other obstructions. 24" - __ __ .r:-,1~~-__,,..,.....~ TRACK TIES AND RAIL JOINTS 11 haulageways (locomotive, Ties must b~ l~I~~!~a1s not to exceed two-foot rope and(This arumal)lla Imp ee 60-lb• steel on main elopes, 40-lb. cen tlers. locomotive haulagewaye.) stee on h Id length are used they a ou 0 2. Where ties f:;v;: low side of the track. be aligned on the 1 1. i �128 Oradod Lengths, 3. Standard square ties in graded lengths shall be provided for each turnout where 40-lb. and 60-lb. steel ls used. Joint 4. Joint ties should be selected that have an extra wide face, where a choice ls possible. Removal, 5. Ties removed that cannot be used for other purposes should be loaded and sent out of the mine at once. ll!abplntes. 6. Where flshplates are used, a selected tie shall be placed directly under the joint. (See Fig. 46.) 81>lloe 7. Where splice (angle) bars are used the rafJ joint shall be suspended between two ties. (See Fig. 46.) Ties, Bnn. Length, 8. In no case shall ties extend less than 8 inches beyond the outside web · of rail. 36" Gauge--5 ' Tie never less than 6'-0". 42" Gauge--6½' Tie never Jess than 6'-6". Fig. 46-Two Forms of Rail Joints. The suspended joint Is used with angle bars but the bars are supported at each end by a tie. Flshplated joints are made directly o v e r a s e I e c t e d tJe, as shown In the lllustratlon. Tie '.l'hlclmess llll4 Width. Broken lolzlla. 9. All tles should have two parallel faces, the minimum wldth of which should not be less than 4 Inches and in no case should slope and main haulage road ties be lees than 6 inches thick. Room ties should not be less than 6 Inches thick. RAIIS AND SPIKES 1. All track must be laid with broken Joints; that Is, the Joints of one line should be as nearly opposite the centers of the ran on the opposite line as practicable. 129 2. No ran Jess than ten feet in length will be per- 111111mum mttted on any main haulage roads. BaU Leni:tb. 3. The practice of placing spikes where employes Splkea can help themselves will not be allowed. Spikes should be issued by the Foreman or his assistants as needed. 4. Spikes should be staggered, that is, those on the Splk!J,g. outside of the rail should be placed on one side of the tie and those on the Inside of the rail on the oppos!te side of the tie. (See Fig. 47.) 6. Each Foreman and Assistant Foreman ls to pro- Oo.uge and vide himself With and carry a clinometer rule. LeveL 6. On straight runs of track the gauge shall be held at right angles to the track and the rail held tight against the gauge and spiked, Any allowance given for clearance shall be made on the gauge length. 7. Superelevatlon of rails on curves will be given by Snperelevathe engineer at the property, as the gauge of track, tlon On velocity of trip, and radius of curvature are determining Oarvea. factors entering into the calculation of each individual case. 8. For increase of track gauge on curves not more Glloge On than ½ inch s.h ould be allowed, which ls about the maxi- Corves. mum for various wheel bases, wheel tread, curve radii, etc. ·n Fig. 47 Sp I k e s will be staggered so a.a to obviate the possibility ot aplltUng the ties and causing the rails to b e c o m e loose. NOTE: Maximum theoreUcal c I e a r span allowable with 40-lb. steel and a "'J" 10-ton locomotive Is ~ 24 Inches. --l:.. 9 Each trackman 's gauge tor each property shall be dt a standard length, vtz., even gauge, leaving nothing to the guess oJ1 allowance of the workman. �130 B«1A1m1Ar 10. Spikes In abandoned, worthless ties must be reclaimed by burning, after having been sent out of t he mine. Record of 11. A record of all derailments shall be kept by the Mine Foreman giving date, cause and location. Rope Riders and Motormen shall give their reports of such happenings to the Mine Foreman dally. 1. Lines for all turnouts off main slopes and part- Survo:,a lngs, together with frog and switch locations, wlll be nnd IJnea. given by the Chief Engineer or his assistants, and no such turnout shall be placed without his preliminary layout. Steel Welrht and Section. 12. Ralls shall be of two weights only, viz., 40-lb. and 60-lb. of A. S. C. E. Section. 60-lb. ralls wlll be used on main slopes, 40-lb. rails on panel slopes and motor haulage ways. 2. All curves on rope haulage shall be placed In ac- Rope cordance with Fig. 48, and the engineer shall give the ll'.nu!ILi:-e Jines and plans tor this work. Oarves. of Spikes. Derallmeut, Spike sues. 13. The size of spikes for the various weights of rail shall be as follows: 40-lb. rall-4 " X ½" (606 per 200-lb. keg.) 60-lb. rall-4½" X ½" (636 per 200-lb. keg.) CURVES AND TURNOUTS 3. The Mine Foreman must see that all work conforms to plans and lines as given. 4. All curves -and turnouts are to be laid with proper oiett.rance. reference to clearance at points where switching ls done. NOTE: Do not spoil 11( good track layout by making the track conform to the rib. M°ake the rib conform to the track. J,:ol ~ 11,"(f inl,:rs.« Rc~Ohd ctnhrlrrtl C/('(lran<t! r"ttof'~ Ctpt".JUlC~hr~.g~l ~ r.xkU?,,(t'nt~e'b ~ ~,11z; . mtrfrty8• ~..:....: 'nftJloµ 8 "°"'" i i If ~ C Fig. 48-Cun'es and Turnouts. Lines tor turnouts and partings will be given by the Chief Engineer before construction work ls started. CurveB ro e baulagewa.ys must be laid In accordance with the ~~co~anylng mustratlon. Proper dimensions are to be ,ubstltuted tor letters bare ebown. �132 Joint Fast<:nlnir, B4l1 Bmce&. Nos, S, 4, a.nd G Frop, No. 6 On:y, Turnouts. Conform to Rib. Ftlture Tumouts With Old MAter1111. Clenrance CAuUon. FISHPLATES, ANGLE BARS AND RAIL BRACES 133 1. All ralls of any weight shall be laid with joint fastenings, 2. 40-lb. steel shall be fishplated. 60-lb. steel shall be jointed by splice (angle) bars. 3. All joint fastenings must be applied with their complement of bolts, nuts and cut washers screwed up and kept tight. 4. Rall braces should be applied to any curve where the gauge is maintained with difficulty, 6. Where rail braces are applled they should be applied to both rails. FROGS AND SWITCHES ----, - •.o· - • _::::::::::\ , .... r 111• P'4t•r'thltk . - - - - - 40• ----J 5oikcholcs¼• 38 flang, Rlvda \• ♦. i w,b Rive.ts ¼• +. Fig. 50-No. 4 Stiff Frog f<1r 40-lb. Ralls. 1. Frogs Nos. 3, 4 and 6 are to be built up and must conform to Figs. 49 to 51. 2. No. 6 frogs wlll be of 60-lb. steel only and used only In turnouts off the main 8lope, 3. Turnouts of standard material shall conform to the Standard Turnout drawings, 4. Turnouts within the mine must be placed to conform to the ribs or the curve and not to the nearest rail joint. 6. In future, when the laying of a turnout with material that is not standard Is contemplated, the engineer of the property will take the frog and switch dimensions from the material on the ground and compute the turnout data. 6. The proper clearance around switch throws should always be provided. RAilr-3 ¥., In. 40-lb. A.S.C.E. Section, tlrst quality. Drilled 31/.a In. z: 6 In. - o/a In. holes. FLANGE RIVETS-% In. diameter. 38 total to be spaced about as shown. To be countersunk on bottom, flush with plate. POINT RAILSMain point notched to take abort point as shown. DrlllingforSpTicc&rs ~ ~1•1101cs I ___-\--1 Drilling forSplict~r:, a--l"Ho!,o $'·0' ~ ~\•foin\ F-;::::'f...':.:~ ' .. ~· ,..\\ ~... -.• \ ,1\•f1•119 ,...9 Fig, 51-No. 6 Stiff Frog for 60 lb. Ralls. RA.II,--4¾ tn. 60-lb, A.S.C,E. SoctJon, first quality. Drllled 2~ I 6 In - 1 In holes. FLANGE RIVETS-¾, In. diet~~ z: 44 total, to' be spaced about as shown.RAILToS-bo am • k on bottom, flusb with plate. POINT ~1':ite;irn~ notched to take short point as shown. Present stocks of frogs on hand at the districts will be used. Subsequent orders for frogs shall comply with A. s. c. E. standards as shown on foregoing pages. �135 GUARD RAIL INSTALLATION CURVATURE OF TRACK RAILS Middle ordinates for curves of various radii, on chords of various lengths. ~-~ \ Fig. 54-Curvature of Truck Rails. R = (36 c2+02)-;-24 0 wherein =Radius of curvature fn feet C =Length of chord in feet R O =Middle ordinate in Inches L ength or Chelrd (C), Feet ,;:;"":'::~~~~:: When rails klrger than 60-/1' arc uu d --sufficient molerial witl be cut from the inside of the base of Iha guard ,all to alla• a ti ' flangoway. Radi us (R) Feet 5 GUARD RAILS .. ...... _ ...... 4 6 6 7 8 , •tb and bost"'f\. 10 ! 15 20 ! ! I 25 30 60 Height or M iddle Or dinate (0), Inches Fig. 52 Cut lht1 portion from ! ! ,.._. .....- C::::::..-.:::i:::::::r'"=~:'.. _,__ ····,: r·~ :! __ .) t __ .. Fig. 58-Preparatton of Ends of Guard Balls. Properly constructed and installed guard rails reduce ;ear and tear on hoisting ropes and reduce to a minimum azards and delays due to derailments at turnouts. 9 10 12 16 20 26 30 60 76 100 . . . . . . . .. . . . ... ...... . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. ...... . . .. . .. ...... ...... . ... . . . . . . . .. ...... .... .. . ... . . . . . . . .. ...... ...... 4.26 18.20 48.30 . . . ... . ...... . . . . .. ...... 3.81 16.08 40.63 1 20.00 ...... . .. . .. ... ... .... .. ...... 64.00 3.16 13.19 31.64 46.84 80.60 180.00 2.62 10.29 24.12 1.88 7.62 17.61 32.16 62.66 81.26 ...... .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . 10.53 8.04 60.00 . . . . 6.56 32.20 . . . . . . . ... . 6.54 26.21 4.81 21.06 62.69 • 1.4 0 1.26 .76 6.06 6.04 3.01 2.00 1.60 ..... ..... 126 ..... 1.20 1 60 ..... 1.00 .76 200 ..... .60 260 ... .. .30 600 ... .. .20 760 .... . .1 6 10 00 ..... • • ♦ • • 60.00 300. 00 48. 23 161.00 27.64 80.39 18.18 61.47 13.68 38.10 13.82 11.43 6.79 4.61 3.38 26.06 20.69 12.12 8.04 6.02 40.19 32.74 19.06 12.59 9.41 2.70 2.26 1.69 1.36 .68 4 .81 4.00 3.00 2.40 1.20 7.62 1 0.84 30.31 6.26 9.02 26.18 6.76 18.82 4.69 6.40 16.04 3.76 7.60 1.88 2.70 .46 .80 .60 1.26 .94 .34 1.80 1.36 6.00 S.76 �137 RAILS, SPLICES, BOLTS AND SPIKES Per 1,000 feet of Single Track 1. The Welghman (Company Weigh Boss) must be D<>nd. bonded in the sum of five hundred dollars ($500.00). Rails, Splice Bars and Bolts Ralls Number of Splice Bars 18 20 22 111 100 91 222 200 182 400 364 666 600 646 26 27 30 80 74 67 160 148 134 320 296 268 480 444 402 Rall Length Feet Number of Number of Bolts 4 per Joint 444 I per Joint 6 Spikes TJes Spaced 2 Ft. on Centers; 4 Spikes per Tie. 0 Spike Size Under Head Inches •Average Number per Keg of 200 Pounds Spikes per 1,000 Feet of Single Track p oun d s 2½x% 3 x¾ 3%x% 4 X s, ,s 1,660 1,380 1,260 1,026 243 296 326 396 3¼xn 4 :xitJ 4½xn 890 780 690 4 x½ 4½x½ 6 x½ 6 Xfa 6½xfa 6 Xfa I Kegs 1¼ 1½ Rall Weights. Pounds per Yard 1% 2 8 to 12 to 12 to 1 6 to 16 20 20 25 466 616 686 2% 2% 3 16 to 20 to 20 to 26 30 30 606 618 476 666 776 860 3% 3% 4¼ 26 to 26 to 36 to 36 35 40 406 360 320 996 1,120 1,260 6 6% 6¼ 40 to 66 46 to 90 60 to 100 I Varlatlon of l0 o/c ordering and alloawwrith different makers. or extras. RULES FOR THE WEIGHING OF COAi:. Verify when 2. Sec. 23-160, Coal Mining Laws of the State of Penalty. Wyoming:-"The weighman employed at any mine shall subscribe an oath or affirmation before a justice of the peace or other officer authorized to administer oaths to do justice between ~mployer and employe and to w~igh the output of coal from miners in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 23-159. Said oath or affirmation shall be conspicuously posted In the weigh office and any weigher of coal or person so employed who shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of this chapter shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00 nor more th.an $100.00 for each offense, or by imprisonment In the county jail for a period of not to exceed 30 days or by both such fine and imprisonment." NOTE: Oaths shall be made in duplicate, one copy of Oaths. which is to be filed with the Mine Super-Jntendent. 3. Sec. 23-162.-"At every mine where the coal mined Scales Is paid for by weight it shall be the duty of the weighman ExD-mlnatlon. and the check-weighman to examine and balance the scales each morning and In no case shall any coal be weighed until such scales are tested by the United States standard weights and found correct, etc." NOTE: Eight 50-lb. weights shall be kept at pit scale Test Weight.. for the testing of the same. 4. As provided In Sec. 23-162: "The Inspector of Mines l\Uno fll!lpeel-Or's upon each regular visit to each mine shall test the scales Daty, used for the weighing of coal.'' NOTE: It shall be the duty of mine officials to insist upon this inspection. Platform 5. Each pit scale platform shall have at least !1- ~-In. Ctcarnnce. clearance, and this shall be ~Iosely watched durmg the working shift to see that nothing lodges In the recess that may cause the scale to bind. of 6 Whenever it is believed that any scale does not ReJ)Ort Bnd ONlcr fun~tion properly, It shall be the duty of the Weigh Boss Scates. to immediately notify the Superintendent, who in turn will cause the Scale Inspector to make the proper examination and repair. OounkJ'pOl.10 7 The counterpoise of any scale beam that contains Construction. shoi, nuts, etc., for balance shall be so constructed that lt will be inconvenient to add or remove any of these small weights. �138 EqaJpment On Scllles. 8. No eqUipment should be allowed to stand on the scale except while being weighed. Loc,.tlDg 9. No one except the Weigh Boss and Cbeck-Weighman or properly accredited officials shall be allowed within the weigh room while coal ls being weighed. ID Weigh Room. 10. When the scale Is not in use the beam catch shall be kept closed. 11. The Weigbman's room on the tipple shall be so constructed that he can see the entire car as It moves across the scale. TRACK SCALES Fordnr Ba.lnnce On Wel;bt Sheela. 1, UNDER NO CONDITION MUST TRACK SCALE WEIGHTS BE ALTERED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A CHECK WITH THE BULLETIN. Mlllotenanee of Trnek Senles. 2. The Weigbman shall keep the beams of all railroad track _scales clean and free from rust, familiarize himself with the construction of scales and make inspections at ~ch intervals as are necessary to determine if scales are m proper working condition, and that scale pits are clean and dry. 3. Scales shall be properly balanced before using an1 the ~eam fastened with the beam catch while equipment Is bemg moved on and off scale platform. 4. Cars must be stopped on the scales and uncoupled at both ends while being weighed. 5. EqUipment should not be allowed to stand on scales except while being weighed. Loc!omotlv~. 6·u bLocomotives and other equipment not to be weighed e passed over the dead rall. 8h a Noo-t;te of Salt for 'I:b:lwtog-. 7. Salt must not be used in removing ice and snow from the mine scales. ~PoD• llbWty, altsca~; responsibility for the accurate functioning of who shall ':!:f:e rf:t :~tthe company Scale Inspector, each th e c of all districts at least once eral :::ag~re~amlne teach Beale, and me with the Genrepor ot his inspection. 139 RULES GOVERNING THE EMPLOYMENT OF MEN When necessary to employ men tor service in and about the mines ot The Union Pacific Coal Company, the following rules will govern: (A) All men required for mine service with The Union Emplo:,ment. Pacific Coal Company will be employed through the office When, ot General Manager at Rock Springs. In case ot emer- Obtnlned. gency the Superintendent a t Hanna may, after obtaining the permission of the General Manager, employ a limited number of men, complying fully with the regulations set out herein. (B) Since every person employed in and about a coal mine possesses potentialities for accident or disaster, it Is imperative that new employee be selected who are physically and mentally alert. The action or Inaction, as the case may be, of one employe may no_t only result in the Injury or death of the person responsible, but, due to the interdependency that exists between mine employes, the lives of many fellow workers may be jeopardized or even sacrificed by the failure of the one. (C) The work of mining coal is definitely hazardous. Oood Oontlw:t Men who seek employment with this comp~y and ~ho NecteSIIZY to show evidence of, or who bear the reputation of bemg Employment, dissipated should be refused employment and each and every apphcant who ls considered for employment should be warned that drunkenness, absence from employment without due cause, or any conduct prejudicial to good citizenship will result in dismissal. A convi~tlon in a Court of Law for a criminal offense will constitute cause for dismissal, Whenever practicable, men who are citizens ol Clllzena DDd the United States or who have declared th~ir lntentlo_n Citizens to become citizens should be selected for service with th1s Preferred. company. Men who are newly arrived from_ foreign countries and who have complied with the Immigration Regulatiorui and who are taken into the comp~y•s ~mploy, should be aided and encouraged toward citizenship. ~- (1) No person will be employed for service in or about the mines who has not attained the lawful age of eighteen (18) years. No person will be employed for service ln or about the mines of The Unio.n Pacific Coal Company who has passed the age ot fifty (60) years, without the written authority ot the General Manager. ( 2 ) The loss of sight in either eye, impaired sight or hearing, serious impairment of the heart or respiratory i~cJ:. �140 141 or;aiis, hernia, the loss ot a hand or toot or serious implllrment ot a hand or foot, or other serious physical detect shall be a bar to employment. (3) ~ applicants for employment will 1111 out and sign, an Application fo_r Employment," Form 254, applicant s signature to be witnessed by officer accepting same. Form Z05. sf (4)., Each applic~t for employment will 1111 out and gn Record card, Form 205, giving thereon bis true name, age, marriage relation, and other information r guired for the identHlcation of the applicant this form e ~opted by the employing agent who will retain tho orlgmal furnlshing the Sup • tend e In charge ot the mine with enn ent or other officer sequent record of the true copy of same. The subspace provided on the e~~ oye must be entered in the officer in char e ot th car . Y the Superintendent or other record of sucf chang:s ~neth,ewho will " ,n~o give complete emp1oJ...,.g officer. r f Form ZG9. Pi5bt~ lc;~ 0 RECORD OF SERVICE OF EMGeneral • Mana will be prepared in the office ot the 254, and othe;~~ci~/~f1~~~• frofm appllc.a tton Form lnal will be retai d t ce o employe. The origof the Genera.I M:e or permanent record ln the files 0 8 Superintendent tor dupllcate forwarded to the ~!~~~J~ CG) With the completio f th in Rule 3, Form No 143 ';1~ di!{equlrements set forth and "Eye Examlnatl~n C~r .,e Examination Blank," applicant with Instruct! d0 ' Form 37, will be given to physician, or phystclanson!~ ~~1ent same to designated company, make the ex~mJn at the expense of the !nation reports will be ret latlons required. The examas a permanent record Aadne~_by the General Manager tlon card, Form 3?-A • up icate of the eye examinaSuperlntendent for r~c!~'. however, be forwarded to the ° Notlllcalloo. ot Emp1o,,,_1. Form o. • (?) When a satisfactory e.xamin • and proper references cov ation has been pused have been obtained notitle~g put service ot applicant filled out in duplicate o ca on of employment will be cant tor presentation' tieJ;opy to be given to the applithe second copy retained b e thSuperintendent designated, Y e General Manager. Upon receipt of notitlcatio intendent will prepare Form n of employment, the Superorigtnal to the applicant wh:1"wn1f duplicate, handing the ~ in charge, The Fo~eman will PJesent it to the Forer on Form 41 sign and esignate check numThe second copy ot this fo return it to the mine office. lntendent for record. rm is retained by the Super- (8) It will be the duty of the Superintendent to see Protecllve that all new employes provide themselves with the pro- Clotbln&' per designated protective clothing and goggles before pnd Oonrea. they are allowed to enter the mine. The Superintendent will also see that every employe na1e. ond is provided with o. copy of the Rules and Regulations for lkgU)atlons. tho Government of All Employes ot The Union Pacitlc Coal Company, tor whlch he will be required to sign a receipt, the receipt to be forwarded to the office of the General Manager for filing. This book should be in the possession of tho applicant before he Is assigned to duty or given on order (Form 41) to the Foreman for work. (9) When applicant is .finally listed tor employme.n t onin For and before he enters same, the contlnuing authority for OhecJc-orr. check-oft for Union dues and assessments must be filled out and algned in the mine office by the applicant, the form agreed to by the Company and the Union to be used. (10) When It is necessary to transfer an employe 'trl>nsfcr from one mine or department to another in the same Blank district, ''Transfer Blank," Form 153, will be filled out In Form llSS. duplicate by the Superintendent maklng the transfer, one copy to be furnished to the Foreman in charge of the mine or department to which the employe is transferred, the second copy to be retalned by the Superintendent maldng the transfer. When transfer of employes ls made from one district to another, ''Transfer Blank," Form 153, will be ft11ed out in duplicate by the Superintendent making the transfer, the original to be handed to the employe who wm secure the approval of the General Manager thereon, It then to be handed to the Superintendent in charge of the district to which he is being transferred. The Superintendent making the transfer will retain a carbon copy of the Form 163 for his record. (11) When an employe leaves the service of the com- Fonn t05 pany whether by resignation, death, or dlsmissal, the L8ft Service. reve;se side ot the employe's Record Card, Form 205, must be filled out in detail by the Superintendent, a copy of all cardS with record of death, realgnation or dismissal covering employes to be thereafter forwarded to the office of the General Manager at Rock Springs. (12) When an emergency arises and men are em- Emer1renoy Dnployment. ployed by the Superintendent at Hanna, the regulations herein prescribed will be carried out in detail and all forms required by rules above will be forwarded by first �148 142 mall to Office ot General Manager at R where the requirements wm be completed ~nckd mSpardlnget, record. e o Aire Limit Not to Apply to Men In Senice. It is not the intention of thJs com t cal exarntna~on certificates from m~y o exact physidate of promulgation of the above rules~o~~ervtce beat removed on account of age on th Oth' men most consideration will b • e er hand, the utphysical capacity has been 'imgip~do~d employes whose Y age or disability. REPORTS OF INJURIES TO EMPLOYES Form 26,6 . REPORTS OF INJURIES TO EMPLOYES. Fonn 200. This report must be made in all cases of accidental injury, in and around the mines, regardless of the seriousness of the injury or resUltant disability. It will be prepared, In triplicate, by the official in charge of the section in which the injury occurred, the original to be forwarded on the day of the injury to the Superintendent, who will ascertain the completeness of the information required, Immediately thereafter forwardlng the report to the office of the General Manager. The second copy of this form ls to be completed and returned to the office of the Safety Engineer as soon as Injured employe returns to work, showing addltional information requested at the lower left-hand corner of the form. The third copy ls to be retained by the Superintendent for record. Permanent record of Forms 266 are filed in the office of the General Manager. Form 286. JOmT REPORT OF SURGEON AND Fonn ise. MINE FOREMAN• This report shoUld be prepared by the surgeon, in triplicate, two copies to be forwarded to the superintendent who will have the report completed by the Mine Foreman or his assistants at the close of the next working daY, thereafter forwarding one copy to the General Manager, retaining one copy for hie record. This report should not be held in the mine office pend· tng receipt of any other reports in connection with any case. U, upon investigation, there ls any doubt ln the mind of the reporting official that the workman received injury while engaged in the duties of his regular occupation in or around the mines, or he has information which wouid lead him to believe that workman was injured at a ttme and in a manner not having any connection with his regular employment, he should make a fUll statement in his report. Names of persons interviewed in connection with any claim or injury, and the name or names of any witnesses to the accident, which workman clalmS was the cause of his dlSablllty, should be given. Form 67. FOREMAN'S REPORT OF INJURY. Thie report should be made by the Foreman, in duplicate, in all caeee of }oet-tll:ne or compensable injuries, In and around the mines, the original of the form to be forwarded to the General Manager, the copy to be retained by the Superintendent. Form&,. �144 Form JGO. Form 12 of Wyoming Compensation DeJ)llrtment, Worlawul's Check Number and Title of 1111ne Carried on All Report•. Form 161. All questions on this report should be answered fully and to the best of his knowledge by reporting official, especially those referring to workman's habits, efficiency, etc. Form 150. PRIMARY REPORT OF PERSONAL INJURY. This report should be furnished in duplicate by the surgeon attending the injured workman. Upon receipt of this form by the Superintendent it should be checked carefully to see that all the required information is supplied, the original then to be forwarded to the General Manager, the copy to be retained by the Superintendent tor his record. EMPLOYER'S REPORT OF ACCIDENT. Whenever an accident occurs, causing injury to the workman, it shall be the dutr of the Superintendent to prepare "Wyoming Compensation Department Form 12," in quadruplicate sending three copies to the office of the General Manage; who will then handle for filing with the Clerk of the D!strict Court. This report must be completed and filed within 20 days after date of injury. Workman's check number and the name or number of the mine or plant where injury occurred must be carried <_>n all reports and correspondence in connection with inJury. . FIN:AI, REPORT OF lliJURY. In addition to information given on this report by the surgeon, the Mine Clerk or Pay R,oll Clerk should certify, under "Remarks," that workman s acc?unt has not been credited for any work performed durmg the period of disability reported by the surgeon. If workman's account shows a credit for :bor perf?rmed during this period, the dates that workan _was in attendance at his regular occupation should ~eorf.ven, as well as the date on which he returned to ar~~n~!r~ se~us or fatal accident occurs in or at once. es e surgeon in charge should be called Form 2S7. SURGEON'S RELEASE Wheneve km has been absent on account of. accidental rinaj wor iankn before again returning t kh ury or s c ess, from the surgeon in ~wor e must present a release fUll recovery and ab1nt gt who must certify as to his duties. Mine Foreman Jd ~ .again resume his regular under any circumstances epartment heads must not, work without presentin ' a11ow workman to return to by Mine Superintendent. g this form properly approved In cases of compensable injUri compensation may be claim es, or injuries in which to the General Mana e ed, all work.men must present their approval before ~e!u:d Mine Superintendent, for surgeon in charge. ng work, a release from the 145 It Is the duty of the General Manager to Investigate Compen5AUon all claims for compensation when the injured work- Clolm& man's right to compensation, or the amount of compensation claimed, is disputed, and to report the result of _all such investigations to the company attorney for an opinion. The General Manager shall keep full and complete flies or reports and correspondence In connection with any awards made for the account of this company. He shall make a monthly report of all new cases filed during the month, all cases disposed of during the month, and the amount awarded on each case disposed of during the month, together with the degree of disability for which such awards were made. The General Manager shall advise, direct and assist Injured workmen, or dependents of injured workmen, In preparing and filing claims for compensation. He shall arrange for medical examinations for injured workmen, whenever necessary, to determine amount of per cent of disability when it appears that a permanent partial or a permanent total disability has been sustained by the Injured workman. Such examinations shall be made by the Medical Ad- Med.lcal Advisory visory Board, which shall be made up of five Doctors, Board . selected from among the Surgeons, Oculists and Aurists residing in and practicing their protesslon In Rock Springs, Superior, Reliance, Winton and Dines, Wyoming. The Doctors shall serve on the Board on an alphabetical revolving basis, one being dropped and one picked up from the alphabetical list each month. There shall also be a permanent secretary, who will handle all correspondence and records, fssue calls for meetings, etc. Each member of the Board shall be paid $10 per month, this cost to be prorated among all the coalproducfng companies in the Rock Springs field, on a tonnage basis, bills to be sent out by the Auditor. Meetings wlll be held monthly, or when there are any cases to be passed upon. The injured person, the employing company, the doctors, and all interested parties shall be turnlshed copies ot the Board's report. �ADVANCED FIRST AID INSTRUCTIONS FOR MINERS General Directions When a person is injured, some one should take command and render first aid. In the past many deaths have resulted from the fact that no one took charge of the injured person. The only way to prevent this is for every employe to acquire a knowledge of first aid. The person assuming charge should look the man over carefully to . find how badly he has been injured, and when fully satisfied he should proceed to give orders. Don't attempt any unnecessary movements of the patient's body or limbs. See that the injured part is in a position as nearly normal as possible, except in case of dislocation, which should be dressed in the line of deformity. Look · for hemorrhage, wounds, shock, fractures, dislocations, burns, etc. In examining the injured person, do not take off his clothes in the usual way, as you may cause him unnecessary suffering and make his injury worse. If the injury is of the arm, leg or body, rip or cut the clothing from the injured part pr~erably by ripping the seams. Do not move the person ~til you are sure or have a clear idea of what the injury 1s. If hemorrhage is present, stop the flow of blood. If y~u find a broken bone, fix the parts without undue handling._ The proper treatments for different kinds of injuries are discussed under separate heads. Be calm and quiet. Keep onlookers away from the injured person. Don't wait a moment for a doctor, as delay ts dangerous. Endeavor to make the patient comfortable by doing 'Yhatever !s necessary and no more. Loosen all tight cl?t!1mg, especially about the neck, chest, and waist. If the ~Jured person has a flushed face, put something under his head to raise it. If his face is pale his head should be lowered. If the patient vomits, turn his head to o~e sl?e so that the vomited matter will not get into his wmdpipe and choke him. Never give an unconscious pers~n w.ater, whisky, or other liquid, as it may enter his ;vmdpipe and strangle him; however, if the injured person ~co1;1sci~us give an_the w11:ter he wants, but give ft slowly 1~ ~ Slps. A seriously injured person should be kept own and c~vered with blankets, brattice cloth or 1 ;timuia'ii.~f iome sort. Don't give whisky or brandy as juries of th! h2:id t~e, e9ftecia1Iy in connection with inperso in 8 h you ave to give a stimuiant to a 1• hot c~ee, h~i~e!, ~;~o~a!!~~atlc spirits of ammonia, at~\{;r and know exactly where the injury is before 1 but it iy~:;I:i~ If necessary, remove some clothing, tl.ng the clothes If th 8 seams of the garment or by cutat hand, make ·your i~tr;:-P~tsfirstt aid materials are not , ourniquets, stretchers, Jin al \ii 147 etc., of material that is near the place of accident. When you find several injuries, treat the most severe one first. Always cheer your patient and keep him hopeful. Keep him warm with blankets, brattice cloth, clothing, botwater bottles, safety lamps, hot bricks, or hot stones; but hot objects should be protected so that they will not burn the patient. WHAT A FIRST-AID MAN SHOULD DO Be calm. Take command and give orders. Find location of the injury. Know what you want to do and do it. Keep onlookers away from the patient. Use a knife or scissors to remove clothing. Look for red spurting blood and check it by tourniquet or by pressure of finger over blood vessel. Look for shock; if present, lower head of patient, apply blankets and wrapped bot-water bottles; and give aromatic spirits of ammonia in water, if patient is conscious. Look for fractures; never remove a patient, unless absolutely necessary, until splints have been applied. Place bandage compress over compound fracture before appiying splints. cover all wounds with bandage compress and bandage, The fingers or instruments should not touch a wound. Remove a foreign object from a wound, if you do not have to put your fingers into the wound or touch the edges of the wound. Exclude air as quickly as possible from burned surfaces by using picric-acid gauze or other material. Leave reductions of dislocations or fractures for the surgeon except dislocation of jaw or finger. Only part of your work is completed when the patient Is ready for the stretcher. Unnecessary or rough handling of a patient may undo all your work. Slowly place patient on stretcher, avoiding jerkY movements, and carry him to safety. FIRST AID PRECAUTIONS (1) An open wound should not be touched with fingers or instruments. (2) P lace only sterile dressings over a wound. . (3) Bleeding should be checked as soon as possible or the patient's life may be endangered by loss of blood or shock. (4) Move patient only when necessary. (6) No attempt should be made to move !3- pat?-ent with a fracture or suspected fracture until splints have been applied. �148 (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) Skeleton. Ample padding should be placed between limb and splint. Always treat for shock. Always test heated objects before applying. Artificial respiration should be started at once if needed and the patient ls at a point free from danger. Always pull the tongue forward when giving arti- . ficial respiration. Always remove false teeth, tobacco, and chewing gum from the mouth of the unconscious person. Rip or cut clothing so that the wound may be seen. Keep air away from burned surfaces. Loose, foreign particles in and around wounds may be wiped with a sterile gauze. Always wipe away from the wound and not toward it. In first aid, dislocations of the lower jaw, fingers and toes may be reduced. Be sure that the tourniquet is loosened every ten minutes. Quids of tobacco should not be placed on a wound. ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY In o~der to practice first aid properly one should know something about the bones heart arteries vein.a small blood vessels, principal organs and muscles 'of the 'human body. ' The human body is composed of solids and fluids. The blood is about one-thirteenth the weight of the body· for instance, if a man weighs 130 pounds he will hav~ 10 pounds of blood. The human skeleton ls the framework of the body and is composed of three parts: The head the trunk d th extremities. There are 202 bones in the body but8:ar th; P~o~ of first aid only a few of these are 'here considere • . ere are long bones that support the body and act ~ le':'::s; short bones for strength, flat bones to protect 1 organs and for muscle attachment• and irregu1 .;1 ones, as the backbone and the jaw ' The skull has 22 bones, of which 8 fo~ the upper part or cranium, and 14 the face • an~:e\~;~~~~~ed 0 ~ the backbone, breastbone, ribs, are joined together ~ne lis made up of 33 bones, which column throu Y gaments, forming the spinal in front has a \~e':'!1t~~n~:n1~rilbcord passes•. The chest is the backb Th . . son each mde; behind breastbone ~e. e ~1::~ 7 P8.ll's of ribs are attached to the to the cartll e rema=g pairs being attached in front front and ar!g~0';!e 1~-v;,,er J:o have no attachment in attached to the backbon oa g ribs. All of the ribs are the front wall of the che!t behind.d. The breastbone forms an 18 about 6 inches long. At a: 149 the upper end it is broad and on each side has a depression that fits the end of the collar bone; below it tapers to a point. The pelvis is a wide, strong, bony basln made up of the Pelvb. two haunch bones and the sacrum, which is the lower end or the backbone. The haunch bones form the front and the sides and the sacrum the back wall of the basin. The pelvis supports the trunk, and the lower limbs are joined to it at the hip joints. The trunk is divided by a large muscle called the dia- Trunl,. phragm into two cavities-chest and abdomen. The chest cavity contains the lungs, heart, gullet, windpipe, and large blood vessels. The abdomen contains the stomach, large blood vessels, intestines, liver, kidneys, spleen, and bladder. Each upper extremity has 1 collar bone, 1 shoulder IJmbe. blade, 1 arm bone, 2 forearm bones, 8 wrist bones, 6 hand bones, and 14 finger bones. Each lower extremity has 1 thigh bone, 2 leg bones, 1 kneecap, 7 ankle bones, 5 foot hones, and 14 toe bones. Where two or more bones come together they form a Jolnl8. joint and are held in position by bands called ligaments. Muscles or flesh give shape to the body, and by short- hl115Cles. ening or lengthening they cause the parts to which they are attached to move. Tendons are strong, white, fibrous cords that attach Tendona. muscles to bone. The skin is the protective covering of the body and Skin. ts the organ of the sense of touch. It also performs the £Unction of getting rid of some of the impurities ~f the body. At the openings leading to or from the interior of the body it becomes the mucous membrane. The blood carries nourishment to the different parts of Blood the body by means of closed tubes called blood vessels, SUJ>p1Y. and it is kept moving by the pumplike action of the heart. It also furnishes heat and oxygen to all parts of the body and carries waste matter from all the tissues to such organs as the lungs, kidneys, skin, and bowels, whose work is to separate it and send it out of the body. The heart ts a hollow, muscular organ about the size of 11.enrt. a man's fist situated in the chest behind and somewbat to the left of the breastbone. It pumps pure blood through the arteries to all parts of the body, just as a fan forces pure air through a mine. The Impure blood fs carried through the veins back to the right side of the h art which sends it to the lungs to be purffled, ft fs J:.en 'returned to the left side of the heart and sent through the body again. The heart acts like a double one side of which forces the fresh blood through &iwn£~dy the other side forcing the Impure blood to the 1U:gs. The heart contracts, or beats, about 72 times a minute. �150 Blood VMselo. ResJ>lrntlon. Note. Lnnsa. Blood Purification. The blood vessels are the arteries, veins, and capillaries, through which the blood is conveyed to and from all parts of the body. The arteries carry the blood from the heart, and they divide and subdivide until they become very small in size and are known as capillaries. These finally enlarge and join, forming the veins, through which the blood is returned to the heart. The rich, red blood flows through the arteries in spurts, forming the pulse beat, which is conveniently felt at the wrist and temples. When an artery is cut the blood spurts out in jerks and is bright red in color; when a capillary is cut the blood is brick red in color and oozes slowly from the wound; the blood in the veins is dark red and the flow is continuous. Respiration means breathing, taking in pure air and driving out _the impurities that the lungs have separated from the blood. The breathing apparatus consists of the nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs. The principal use of the nose is to warm, filter, and moisten the air before· it reaches the lungs; in the nose also is the sense of smell which to a great extent warns a person of the presence of some harmful gases. The throat is a continuation of the nose and the mouth, and at its lower end are two openings; the one behind, called the gullet, leads into the stomach; the one in front, called the windpipe, leads to the lungs. At the top of the windpipe is the larynx, in which are the cor~ of speech by which the voice is formed. When swallowmg, the larynx is closed by a flaplike covering known as the epiglottis, which prevents food and liquid from entering the windpipe. The lungs are two cone-shaped bodies, which are soft, spongy and elastic. The outside of each lung is covered by a closed sac called the pleura. The inner part of the lungs COilllXlunicates freely with the outside air through t1?,e windpipe. The outside of the lungs is protected from all' pre~su.re by the walls of the chest. The air pressure on ~e mside of ~e lungs expands them until they fill the entire chest cavity. If any air gets through the cheat wall, or if the wall of the lungs is pierced so that air from the ou~ide C3:X1 communicate with the pleural sac, ge luntsigs shrink, because the air pressure is equalized on e ou de and inside of the chest cavity. The Purification of the blood in the lungs is readil :ected, because only a very delicate wall is between th! on one side and the blood on the other so that the gases are easily exchanged between the two. The blood ~~ the veins from the system is brought to the capillaries •Jbe lungs, where the air cells separate the carbonic 1 gas and waste matter with which the blood is laden :;~t~plyi.aof oxygen is taken up by the red blood cens: It g an act over which we have little control th ~~:.r1b~g~:t ab~~~~ie1;~!~!1a~ r ~~~:/i a person breathes bad air continuously, his health will Brcntltlng, break down and disease Will follow. To insure health a person reqllires 1,000 cubic feet of air space, which is equal to the space in a room 10 feet square and 10 feet high, and the air breathed should be frequently !'enewed through proper ventilation. This means that the air should be kept in motion, and the relative humidity and temperature should be approximately such as insure health. The digestive system consists of a long tube which Dlgeatlve comprises the mouth, throat, gullet, stomach, and bowels Syatem. together with the liver and other glands. This tube i~ about 30 feet long and extends from the mouth to the rectum. Its functions are to separate the nourishment from the food, to expel the waste part from the body, and to arrange the nutritive material in a form that can be taken up by the blood and used for food by the tissues. Excretion means the removing of au waste matter from Excretory the tissues. The waste may be removed by means of per- Synem. spiring through the skin, by urine from the kidneys, in carbonic acid gas from the lungs, and by the bowel movements. Life and health depend upon the body's throwing off these wastes or poisons. The different parts of the body are kept in touch with Nervona each other by the nervous system, and the functions of Syatem. the organs are controlled and regulated by it. The nervous system is composed of nerves and nerve cells or centers: most of the latter are in the brain and the spinal cord. The nerves are round white cords consisting of nerve fibers, which form connections between the centers and the ends of the nerves. The fibers transmit nervous impulses and are of two kinds, according to the function that they perform. One carries sensations, such as pain, heat, and cold, and the other causes movements of the body. The nervous system plays an important part in injuries, as there would be no shock if the nerve centers were not affected. A person in a mine may have an attack of epilepsy, Epilepsy. and frequently this condition is mistaken and the patient is mistreated and mishandled. Epllepsy, or falling sickness, is a nervous disorder; the patient will have a ftt or convulsion and fall to the ground. The person Is usually warned of the oncoming attack. He may be depressed or joyful or there may be a change in his facial expression. Often he feels a breath of air blowing on some part of the body, passing upward to his head, with pain in his limbs or internal organs (stom- �152 153 ach, etc.) or his muscles may tremble or contract. If standing, he will cry out or scream and fall to the ground unconscious. His muscles become stiff, his head is turned to one side by jerks, and breathing for the moment is stopped; his face is at first pale, then livid. This stage lasts about one-half minute, followed by rolling of the eyes; he may bite his tongue and cheeks, and at the same time the bladder and bowels may act. This stage lasts a few minutes and the patient slowly regains consciousness and may then fall asleep. Trentment. . Tl·entment.-Do not try to restrain his convulsive movements, but see that he does not injure himself as by falling into a fire or down a shaft. Lay the patient on his back. Remove from his mouth any foreign bodies, such as false teeth, tobacco, or gum. Cover him with blankets. Do not give him anything by mouth. Loosen all tight clothing about hi.s neck, chest, and abdomen. Place a piece of gauze or a pad between the teeth. Dash cold water on his face and chest. Carry the patient home and have him rest. If a patient tells you that an attack is coming on, you may be able to ward it off by compressing his hand firmly. Sbock. Shock is a profound impression made on the nervous system. It occurs in more or less degree following all accidents, and in ca.se of fright, anger, or surgical operations. Shock is _dangerous and should be given prompt attention. Allowing a person to see his own injury often causes shock, esp_ecially if there is much bleeding. When a person is su.tfermg from shock, his face is pale and has an anxious expression, the eyelids droop, the eyes are dull and the pupils large, the skin is clammy and covered with ~old ~eat. The injured man is somewhat stupid and takes little mterest in things about him. He may suffer from nausea and vomiting. He may answer questions slowly. He may be partly or totally unconscious, or his mind may wander. :Usually he is perfectly quiet and will not move unless disturbed. Breathing is shallow and feeble ; the pulse ls ~apld an~ weak, and may not be felt at the wrist. When this condition is observed, send for a doctor. Place the person in a comfortable position with his head low unless there is a fracture of the skull or severe hemor~ rha~e from the head. Remove from his mouth an foreign bodies, such as false teeth, tobacco, or gum. Wrap the person in warm blankets, clothing or brattice cloth. If ~~nsclous, give aromatic splrlts of ammonia,-.a teaspoon! tein ~half glass of water-hot coffee, hot tea, or hot wa r. he is unconscious do not give him anything by mouth, but pour aromatic splrlts o.f ammonia on a cloth and place it under his nose. Place hot-water bottles, hot bricks, or lighted safety lamps around him under the coverings, but make sure that they are wrapped with cloth or paper so as to prevent burns. If the person is unconscious he can not tell you that the bricks, bottles, or lamps are too hot. Rub his legs and arms toward the body under the blankets, but do not uncover him. A light hotwater bottle, wrapped in cloth or paper and placed over the heart, is a good stimulant. Although shock is dangerous and commonly follows injuries it must not be forgotten that the patient may require' treatment for something still more dangerous; as, for instance, severe bleeding, which must be checked. ELECTRIC SHOCK Electricity causes shock by paralyzing the nerve centers that control breathing or by stopping the regular beat of the heart. Accidents from electricity are common in mines. Electric circuits used In mines carry 250 to 2,300 volts. Eleotrlo The symptoms of electric shock are sudden loss of con- Shock. sciousness, absence of respiration-which, if present, is slight and cannot be observed-weak pulse, and buI:J~ at the point of contact with the conductor of electnc~ty. Always rescue the person as quickly as possible, being careful not to get in contact with the live wire or other conductor. Lose no time in looking for. a swltc~ to turn off the current. In the event that there 1s no switch near, take a drill, mine auger, bar, or piece ~f wire and throw it quickly across the trolley and the rall, taking particular care to release your hold of the instrument before it touches the live wire. By so doing the circuit breaker in the power house will be thrown out and the current cut ff Leave the auger or other instrument across the wire, ~o •that the circuit breaker will. 1?e thrown out continusly such action may cause mJury to other working uc:> rts of the mine 1 but when a human life is at stake all f:e wires should be cut if necessacy. Life should come t and the mine property afterwards. A dry, Iong•r!dled shovel will be of service in removing the patient from the wire. wire drill or other instrument long enough to 0 re~chnfrom the wi:e to the rail is at hand, ~ne may prod to remove the victim from the live Wll'e, but first ce1 dry board or piece of thick paper and put it under ~u: feet, and protect the hand you use with your cap, f �154 coat, or any dry, nonconducting material, so as not to ma.ke a circuit. If possible, use one hand only placing the other behind you. If both hands are used t~ remove the person from the wire, make sure that both your hands and your feet are well insulated, so that you will not be caught in the same contact. Another way is to take your belt, handkerchief, coat, or piece of dry rope and loop it over the victim's foot or head if he is lying on the wire and thus pull him off. If an ax is near at hand, use it t~ cut the ~e, but first make sure that the handle is dry, or _wrap it with a coat or other dry nonconducting matenal. Or ~ou may use a board, dry cloth, or dry rope to pull the wire away from the patient. Trelltment For Shock. _Treatment,:----After the person has been taken from the wire, turn h17:11 over on his face, remove all foreign bodies from his mouth, such as false teeth tobacco or gum, pull and _keep the tongue forward, tur~ his head to one side, r~sttng it on his forearm so that his mouth and nose will not come in contact with the ground and extend his other arm forward. Do not wait to loose'n his clothing. Start the Schaefer (or prone) method of arUficlal respiration without delay. SUFFOCATION OR ASPHYXIATION Suffocation. A victi_m of suffocation or asphyxiation becomes uncon~cio~his lips and ear lobes become blue his pulse and ~:a b g stop, and his pupils become dilated. The cause th/ai/f~~:e=::1~ ~e windp_ipe an~ preventing O fuI gases D e ungs, or inhalation of harmprotect hims~~caJ!1!:souithd bale exercised by the rescuer to Is O0 d 1mm • e r where the victim is found 1 fofro the Sch~~~ 1 f~8to~d per- ~;~~J11!l:~~ !f GAS POISONING The most common gase f damp (a mixture of nitr s oundd in a mine are black damp (carbon monoxi ogen an carbon dioxide), white gas, chiefly methane).de), and fire damp (lnfiammable Gas Polaonlng, Fire damp has ff when a sufficient ~ ; ect on the human system. Only the quantity of norma~ has been generated to reduce breathing When re present does it interfere with it ls highly expl~s1!!n\,:~~ver, in proper proportions, exercised in using na.k~d llg~tsore great care should be . The breathing of black damp and white damp partic- mo.ck ularly the latter, is very dangerous. Black damp 1~ usually Dllmp. recognized by its action on the flame of a safety lamp. In old unventilated workings and at the bottom of sumps in reopening old shafts, great care should be taken. Whe~ a person works in black damp he ls affected not only by the damp, but also from a lack of oxygen. The symptoms of danger from breathing black damp occur far in advance, but with white damp there may be no such warning. In bad Rir the amount of blnclt damp would give warning of the next and more serious danger-want of oxygen. The man working in bad air will find that his usual work ls more tiring than when working in pure air, and that he will be compelled to take frequent rests. A severe headache is made worse by stooping and is often accompanied by a sick stomach. In severe cases the power of the limbs is interfered with, causing the victim to stagger. The face becomes flushed and the flush deepens and becomes bluish. Often, if only a small percentage of black damp is present and most of the oxygen has been replaced by nitrogen, the person exposed to such an atmosphere may collapse into unconsciousness with practically no warning. No man should be permitted to work where black damp is present. CARBON MONOXIDE OR WI-IlTE DAMP Whlto Many miners state that they are able to tell the pres- Di>mJ>, ence of carbon monoxide by the sweetish odor present. This odor is due not to the carbon monoxide, but to other decomposition products in the atmosphere, such as the volatile products given off by a fire, or such as are caused by wood rotting, or by the oxidation of coal. Although there may be only a very small percentage of carbon monoxide present in the air that is breathed, the 9:ctio_n of the gas is cumulative; that is, the carbon monoxide 1s gradually but continuously taken up by the blood and displaces the oxygen, causing the body to suffer from oxygen starvation. The first decided symptoms, during rest, make their appearance only when the blood is saturated with about 30 per cent of the gas. Death occurs when the saturation attains about 80 per cent. This action of carbon monoxide accounts for many lives that have been lost. Another feature is that if one is working in such an atmosphere, hie body will store up more carbon monoxide than if he is at rest. In rescue work men may have proceeded a considerable distance in foul air before becomin affected and have had In.sufficient oxygen-carrying e1fments in the blood to bear them back to safety. Whitedamp poisoning steals upon its victim in such a way that he may become saturated with the damp before he ls �157 156 aware of it. In some cases the poisoning takes effect suddenly. In disasters many men have been found dead in their places with their picks in their hands as if working; others have been found in positions indicating that they were taking food when overcome. 6,mptoms. The symptoms are numerous, the more prominent being yawning, giddiness, ringing in the ears, weariness, and a fluttering or throbbing of the heart, which Is a late symptom. If a person gets out of impure air into good air usually these symptoms pass off, leaving perhaps a head~ ache, but if no attention is paid to the symptoms and the person continues working, he becomes more affected and feels that his legs are beginning to go. from under him, and usually staggers around until he sinks to the ground in a semiconscious or unconscious condition. What to Do. All cases may not begin this way. The symptoms may co~e on so gradually that the body .becomes full of the poison before the person is aware of it, and he falls unconscious. The person's condition from exposure to black damp is usually due to lack· of oxygen in the air that he breath1:s. Exposure to white damp destroys the hemoglobin m the blood so that it will not carry oxygen to the tissues of the body. In treating a person who is suffering from either black damp or white damp, always administer oxyge!l when making use of artificial respiration. However, if the oxygen is not at hand, do not wait but start the Schaefer method 9f artificial respiration after the person has been removed to fresh air. ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION BY THE SCHAEFER OR PRONE METHOD Place the person on his abdomen; remove from his mouth all foreign bodies, such as false teeth, tobacco and gum; pull and keep the tongue forward; tum his head to one side and rest it on his forearm, so that the mouth and the nose will not come in contact with the ground and extend the other arm forward. If the person is thin, prepare a pad of folded clothing, blankets, or brattice cloth and place it under the lower part of his chest. Do not make this pad too thick. Do not wait to loosen the victim's clothing, but begin artificial respiration without delay. An assistant may remove all tight clothing from the victim's neck, chest, and waist; blankets, hot-water bottles, safety lamps, or hot bricks well wrapped in paper or cloth should be placed about the person by an assistant. Kneel, straddling the person's thighs, and, facing his head rest the palms of your hands on his loins-on the mus~les of the small of his back-with your thumbs nearly touching each other and your fingers spread over his lowest ribs (see Fig. 55); with arms held straight, swing forward slowly so that the weight of your body is gradually brought to bear on the person (See Fig. 56.) This operation, which DROWNING Drowning-. in The most important essential after rescuing a drowng pers~n is ~o get the water out of his lungs and stom~~e~~ling him on a barrel is desirable, but as a rule a on his ~ot available. A1J a substitute, have one man get ds and Imees, so that the victim can be placed ~=rvi~~~~f m1'~ back, or, if you are alone with patient's stoma~h ~ lifotchimkyour hands underneath the hi b d . several times, thus bending 1 L!te~ ies8:J : ~~~~e wa~Jo flow out of his mouth. son has been immersed inre~'t ofn. ~sually after a perextinct. Th ""' er or ..ve minutes life is after two i;~~~fe ft1?;;,!1 iavilctims that have been revived • GJ.1.1.1.lC respiration. Fig. 55-Schaefer (or prone) me~hod of artificial respiration- Inspiration. should take three to four seconds, must not be violent, lest the internal organs be injured. The lower part of the chest d also the abdomen are thus compressed and air is forced : t of the lungs. Now, immediately swing back slowly so as to remove the pressure, but have your hands in place, thus returning to the position shown in Fig. 65. Through their ticity the patient's chest walls expand and his lungs e1as thus supplied with fresh air. After two seconds swing r:ward again and repeat deliberately, 16 to 18 times & 0 ute the double movement of compressing and releasing :1:sing a complete respiration in about four seconds. It a �158 watch or clock Js not available, follow the natural rate of your own deep breathing,. swinging forward With each expiration and backward. with each lnsplratlon. 159 liedinsufficient, to the patient When the quantitr of_ fresh ~::f~r as by Is such artificial respira~nU:! patient has been brea~J likely to be the ~e able that the manual metho poisonous gases, it is advis of pure oxygen from a consupplemented by the/el~sepatlent's nose or mouth, but tainer in proximity o e re that wollld cause injury or avoiding creating anr pressu o en or oxygen and air prevent free exhala~or -:f!:t ~;Uld not be stopped, ~~t given, the manual re ns there Is hope of reviving e rare ather continued as ong patient. . to compel or assist ous machines have been.devisend resuscitation above ar~~al b~eac~~e~e ~fk!u~X:a~c;:~ referrdedrespt!ration were dangerous,18:! not been given to force thls report official approva paring devices. any re..-•~citation - ~:m~~~~is Fig, 56-Schaefer (or prone) method of artificial resplration-Expirn.tton. Continue arti.ftcial respfratfon, if necessary, for at least three hours without interruption unw natural breathing has been restored or until a physician arrives, Even after natura1 breathing begins, caretuny watch that It continues. If It stops, start arW1c1a1 resplration again, Do not give any liquids whatever by mouth unw the person Is fUlly conscious, when you may give slowly aromattc splrtts of ammonia (awater. teaspoontui in halt a glass of water), hot coft'ee, hot tea, or Do not Permit bystanders to crowd around. The assistant ehouJd not do anything that will interfere with the operator. USE OF RESUSCITATION DEVICES AB pointed out in Technical Paper 77 of the Bureau of Mines, "Report of the Comn:uttee on Resuscitation from Mine Gases," in mild cases of respiratory failure, or even when breathing ls suspended, manuai methods ehoUld be used at once, because there ls a chance of reviving the patient if resorted to lnunedlateJy, but "if, owing to delay, the cells of the brain have been deprived of their supply of oxygen for more than the cr!UcaJ period (rarely more than 10 minutes), It Is utterly Impossible for any later treatment to restore them to their norma1 condition." However, as the breathing may be so faint that it will not be detected by the layman or first-aid man, even if the person seems to be dead, It ls advisable that artificial resPlration be begun at once and continued until there ls no hope Of rev1v1ng him. �160 COMPLETE GAS TESTING DIAGRAM HUMIDITY CHART Diagram Showing TA!lt &MNG H[16KT OF n.AII[ WOil E.I.OHGA.TIOH orfl.ANt~ .. ClfTtltWT U".PS lllUN1HAHT$ AND Pttl:COl:fA(;ts or HUH~[ IH AIR Percentage of Saturation and Welght of Water Vapor In Air at Dl.1ferent Temperatures - I~s, ~ -,~~ 13 ~ 12 ~ II .. ..~ : 10 .,, 9 z a _1 g 6 0. ~ 5 54 ~3 ,o"'"'~ .. .. « ... « o a~ - .. !ta z u 0 ~ ! 0 ~ .~ Cl :,; ... "':c 20 ~o :, "' ...0 10 ::l N "'"' "' V Q ~-~~ Fig. 57 This chart ls used In connection with the psychrometer or wet-and-dry-bulb hygrometer. The psychrometer consists of two ordinary thermometers mounted on any convenient frame. The bulb of one of these is kept moist by a. silk or muslin sack, terminating In a wick that draws up the water from a vessel below. The evaporation of the water from the sack cools this bulb and causes a. lower reading of the thermometer. From the difference of the readings of the two thermometers, the degree of saturation of the air, or percentage of moisture it contains, is calculated, or this can be read directly from the chart, which shows also the weight of the moisture In grains per cubic foot. EXAMPLE:-Suppose the wet blllb reads 54 deg. and the dry blllb 60 deg. F., follow the vertical line marked 60 up to its Intersection with the straight diagonal line 54; then follow the upward curve from this point and read the percentage of saturation at the margin of the chart, which is In this case 70 per cent. The corresponding weight of moisture is found by following the horizontal llne from the same Intersection and reading the weight at the left margin, which is in this case. 4 grs. per cu. foot. I IIJTl t fM~Ah ff f'J.rr.t ~;, pn f#r ,~ Davy o:::l 'KJ/( bmps anl!1t m ir1lmumC11ps prod11tt.d d. • d. the f~mt h lfs b...ntpo!nf. Th<lit~Ms~n for/ht ~ rrrs• i:.ydrogrn wrtp011ll lht : k bo"i[brnp ffl' f=r /bit tl.:Jff$ollw, of tlit /1;,mr d,·t lo 1/:,tg.i,.. tht original ll:lmrolIM(/~ Um; b~~;.,M~ lht ftm.td fir lftlrr &o:Jj.lslfdJ.Oll--'fill lip1'f(Jtl;/ld Hr loftA lht ~ it!:lol"bt!g'rlt1fl u1. ac JO ..i< i li! 60 50 5,40 0 :,: 161 �163 162 DEFINITIONS OF ELECTRICAL TERMS MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL EQUNALENTS GENERATOR-Receives mechanical power from a turbine, steam engine or other source of mechanical power and transforms it into useful electrical power. MOTOR-Receives electrical power from the power line and transforms it into useful mechanical power. MOTOR-GENERATOR-Consists of a motor and a generator either coupled or belted together; used to change alternating into direct current, to change the voltage of direct current, or to change direct into alternating current. ROTARY CONVERTER-bonslsts of one set of field coils and a single armature with slip rings on one end and a commutator on the other; operates from an alternating current line and produces direct current; has no means of regulating the direct current voltage. Although usually used to change alternating into direct current the machine may be used to change direct into alternat~ ing current, In which case it is called an inverted converter. TRANSFORMER-A piece of apparatus with no moving parts; used for changing voltage and phase of alternating current. If -it is a voltage reducer, it fs called a step-down transformer; It a voltage booster, it is called a step-up transformer. The power side is called the primary; the operating or motor side the secondary AMPERE-Unit of current; that cur;ent which will flow through a resistance of 1 ohm with an electromotive force or difference of potential of 1 volt· letter I used as symbol. • OHM-Unit of resistance· the resistance offered to the flow of 1 amp f • -potential of 1 volt· elrett o Rcurrent with a difference of , e er used as symbol. of ~~te~uaY~~1~{ :~~tromotlve force; that difference :;:b:rainst a reslstanc~a~~e f ~~~~nteffe/ :m:s~r: !~ OHM'S LAW-Appll d the relationship betwe: to direct current-expresses follows: n amperes, ohms and volts as E::IXR l=:E+R R::E+I hasEXAMPLE-A a resistance ofNo 0000 t ro11ey wire 1,000 feet long •000049 ohms per foot, A shortwall mining machine motor at end of line draws 120 amperes. Find loss ln voltage through the trolley wire. I = 120 amperes; R = .000049 X 1,000=.049 ohms. E = I X R = 120 X .049 :: 6.88 volts loss. EXAMPLE- A shunt fi eld of a breast mining ma-. chine motor on 260 volts draws 2 amperes; machine has 2 field coils. Find resistance of each coll. E 260 volts; I 2 amperes. R = 260 7 2 = 125, total resistance. 126 -;- 2 = 62.5 ohms, resistance of each coil. WATT-Unit of vower; product of volts and amperes. 1 ooo watts = 1 kilowatt. The symbol used for kllo~att is kw. ALTERNATING CURRENT-One which alternates regularly in direction. ALTERNATING CURRENT INDUCTION MOTORTwo general classes, squirrel-cage and slip-ring. SQUIRREL-CAGE MOTOR-So called on account of the shape of the rotor winding; no external electrical connection to the rotor windings. Started by two methods: (a) changing the connections of the stator winding through a star delta switch; (b)_ application of different steps of voltage to the stator wrndlng through a transformer. The former method is usually used because o! its simplicity. Thia motor runs at one speed only, which drops off slightly as the load comes on; speed is determined by the frequency of the circuit and the number of poles of the motor; characteristics similar to shuntwound direct-current motor. SLIP-RING MOTOR-Started In a manner similar to direct-current motor, having in series with the rotor a resistance which is gradually cut out as the motor Is brought up to speed; can be run at different speeds acdlng to the amount of resistance Inserted Into the cfr~uit• used where very high starting power •ls required: ~as so~e characteristics similar to a series-wound directcurrent motor. CYCLE-Complete set of posltlve and negative va1ues = = of alternating current. EFFICIENCY-Power output+ power input, expressed in the same terms; always expressed in percentage and is always less than 100. For a motor, it is mechaniwer output in watts + electrical power input in for a generator, it ~s electrical power output in atts ...,_ mechanical power input in watts. w FREQUENCY-Number of cycles per second, indicatne-hal! the number of times alternating current i~g O direction in 1 second; standard frequencies are c a!;~s 60 cycles. If the frequency 1s 60 cycles per sec~!d we know the current changes direction 120 times per second. :,~t~~ �164 PHASE-Characteristics of alternating current are determined by operating conditions. A single-phase motor has two terminal wires and acts like a single cylinder automobile engine with Infrequent applications of power. A 2-phase motor has 4 terminal wires; twice the number of power impulses per second and has more frequent applications of power. • Where high starting power ,and heavy overloads a r e encountered 1n service, 3-phase power is best and has been adopted as standard for alternating current. POWER FACTOR-Characteristics of alternating current circuits are such that there ls a difference between real power available for work as measured by the wattmeter, and apparent power, which latter is the product of volts and amperes as recorded by a voltmeter and an ammeter. The ratio of real to apparent power, both expressed in watts, le called power factor, which is expressed in percentage and is always 100 or less. Size of Wires The. area of cross-section of round wires Is usually given In circular mUs; the diameter, in decimals of an Inch. 1 mil Is 1/1000 (.001) of an inch. 1 circular mil Is the area, expressed in decimals of a square Inch, or a circle or 1 ml1 diameter. The area of any circle, expressed ln square Inches, is 8.1416 X radius2 or .7864 X dlameter2. The area of 1 mll diameter circle Is therefore .7864 X (.001)2 .0000007864 square Inches or 1 circular mil. In other words, the area of any circle expressed 1n circufar mils equals the square of the diameter in mlle; I. e., C. M. = d2. = 165 USEFUL ELECTRJCAL DATA FOR COAL MINE ELECTRJCIANS AND OPERATING MEN FORMULAS USED IN ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS: K. W. 1,000 watts 1.84 H.P. H.P. = 746 watts= .746 K. W. K.W. = = K . V.A.=--- P.F. true power K.W. = --volts X amperes K. V. A. Watts P. F. = - - - - - = apparent power 1,000 K. w. = - - (Direct Current) EX I 1.78 X E X I X P. F. K. W. = - - - - - - - - - ( 3-Phase Alternating Current) 1,000 2 X El X I X P. F. K. W. = - - - - - - - - ( 2-Phase Alternating Current) 1,000 EXIXP.F. K. w. = ------(1-Phase Alternating Current) 1,000 Ohms I.Jaw (Direct current or non-inductive alternating current circuits): E E I = -, E = IR, R = - R I Amperes per motor (Current input per line): H.P. X 746 Direct Current I = 3-Phase A. C. I = 2-Phase A. C. I= 1-Phase A. C. I= EX Eff. -H.P. X 746 1.78 X E X Eff. X P. F. H.P. X 746 2 XE X Etf. X P. F. H.P. X 746 EX Eff. X P.F. �Wiring Formulas 166 167 22 X LC CM = - - - - Where load le at end of line. V 11 X LC CM = - - - - - Where load le distributed along V line. CM Circular mile. L = Length In feet on one side of circuit. C Current In Amperes. V = L9se fn_Volte. = = Equivalents of Electrical Units = = 1 Kilowatt 1,000 Watts. 1 Kilowatt = 1.34 horse power. 1 Kilowatt 42,267 Ft.-lbs. per min. 1 Kilowatt = 66.87 B. T. U. per min. 1 Horse power 7 4 6 Watts. 1 Horse power 33,000 Ft.-lbs. per min. 1 Horse power 42.41 B. T. U. per min. 1 B. T. U. 778 Foot-pounds. 1 B. T. U. = 0.2930 Watt hours. = = = = Current for Motors Rules- Volts, Amperes, Watts, Etc. To find the watts consumed In a given electrical circuit, such as n lamp, multiply the volts by the amperes. To find the volts, divide the watts by the amperes. To find the amperes, divide the watts by the volts. To find the electrical horse-power r equired by a lamp, divide the watts of the lamp by 7 46. To find the number of lamps that can be supplied by one electrical horse-power of energy, divide 746 by the watts of the lamp. To find the electrical horse-power necessary, multiply the watts per lamp by the number of lamps and divide by 746. To find the mec.h anlcal horse-power necessary to generate the required electrical horse-power, divide the latter by the efficiency of the generator. To find the amperes of a given circuit of which the volts and ohms resistance are known, divide the volts by the ohms. To find the volts, when the amperes and watts are known, multiply the amperes by the ohms. To find the resistance in ohms, when the volte and amperes are known, divide the volts by the amperes. Amperes for Each Lead ut Foll Load CONVENIENT TABLES FOR MINE ELECTRICIANS AND OTHERS ALTERNATING HORSE POWER CURRENT DIRECT CURRENT Single VOLTS I 110 1 ½ l½ 2 3 5 7½ 10 16 20 30 40 60 60 70 80 90 100 4.9 9 13.6 18 25 42 67 75 113 160 226 301 376 462 627 602 678 763 I PHASE Two I Three VOLTS 220 208 2.6 4.6 6.8 9 13 21 28 38 67 76 113 160 188 226 263 301 339 376 4.9 7.8 16.9 21.6 32.6 48 68 90 116 161 ---- 200 200 - --- -- 12.9 19 26 37 49 72 96 118 140 163 186 207 230 Size of Fuses, in Amperes, Fo1· Motors, EquJppcd With Overload Starting Rheostats. Horse Power 116 Volts 230 Volts 600 Volts 0.6 1 3 8 16 40 60 60 90 116 176 226 300 360 400 460 600 4 8 20 26 30 46 60 90 116 160 175 200 226 300 2 4 10 12 15 20 26 40 60 60 75 90 100 126 14.9 22 29 43 68 84 111 136 163 187 213 239 266 4 6 7.6 10 16 20 26 30 36 40 60 .. �169 168 VOLTS DROP IN BONDED TRACK ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MINE TRACKS Losses Per Ampere per 1,000 Feet of Single Track Rail Bonds of No. 1 Copper Wire Volts Drop per Ampere per 1,000 Feet o! Single Track Weight ot Rall, Length Pounds of Bond, 30-Ft. Rall Lengths 20-Ft. Rall Lengths Feet per Yart Double Single Double Single J3onded Bonded Bonded Bonded l I 8 12 16 20 2½ 2½ 2½ 2½ 0.0344 .0247 .0198 .0168 0.0318 .0221 .0172 .0142 0.0354 .0261 .0214 .0188 0.0317 .0 224 .0176 .0149 25 30 36 40 2½ 2½ 3 3 .0146 .0139 .0128 .0120 .0119 .0108 .0097 .0089 .0166 .0166 .0166 .0148 .0216 .0120 .0109 .0101 46 60 66 60 3 3 3 3 .0114 .0109 .0104 .0101 .0083 .0078 .0073 .0070 .0142 .0137 .0133 .0129 .00 96 .0090 .0086 .0083 66 70 3 3 .0098 .0096 .0067 .0064 .0126 .0124 .00 80 .0077 1 Weight~ of Rall per Yo.rd Equlvalent Area In Cir. Mils of Copper 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 60 66 70 80 90 100 320,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 900,000 1,000,000 1,100,000 1,200,000 1,300,000 1,400,000 1,600,000 1,800,000 2,000,000 Resistance at 24° C. Ohms per l\llle .1737 .1684 .1109 .0925 .0792 .0692 .0616 .0664 .0604 .0464 .0417 .0396 .0345 .0307 .0270 Ohms per 1,000 Ft. I .0329 .0263 .0210 .0176 .0160 .0131 .0117 .0106 .0096 .0088 .0079 .0076 .0065 .0068 .0051 Sate Loos In Volts per Amp. In 100 Ft. Traclt 10° c. Rise .0033 .0026 .0021 .0017 .0015 .0013 .0012 .0011 .0010 .0009 .0008 .00076 .00065i .00058 .00051 600 600 676 760 860 950 1,060 1,160 1,260 1,300 1,400 1,600 1,700 1,900 2,160 Amp. �170 171 VOLTS LOST WITH VARIOUS COPPER WIRE COMBINATIONS Area Circular Mils Weight Volts of Lost Comb!• per nation, Am• Pounds pere per per 1,000 1,000 379,406 344,679 317,192 296,296 1,149 1,044 960 894 0.027 .030 .033 .036 647,210 477,768 O 422,784 l 378,990 1 ,667 1,447 1,280 1,148 .019 .022 .026 .027 One No. 000 and One No. 00 . . . . . . . . .. .. 0 uu .. .. .... 1 300,884 273,397 251,600 911 828 762 .036 .038 .041 One No. 000 and Two No. 00 u u ,. ,. ,. .. O . . . . . . . . .. ., 1 433,963 378,989 335,196 1,814 1,147 1,016 .024 .027 .031 One No. 00 and One No. o .... .. . . . . . . 1 238,671 216,774 723 666 .043 .048 One No. 00 and Two No. O ............. 1 344,263 300,469 1,042 910 .030 .036 One No. O and One No. 1 189,287 673 .066 One No. 0 and Two No. 1 272,982 827 .038 Slzea ot Wires teet One No. 0000 and One No. 000 " " " " " " 00 " " " " " " 0 " " " " " " 1 One No. 0000 and Two No. 000 0 " " ,. " ,. 00 "" u .... uuuu u uu feet WEIGHT OF BARE COPPER WIRE Wire No. 8.&S. Oo.uge Diameter, Inches Aren, Circular MIia Weight ot Bare Wire, P ounds P er 1,000 Feet I P er Mlle 0000 000 00 0 0.460 .410 .365 .326 211,600 167,806 133,079 106,692 640.7 608.1 403.1 319.7 3,383 2,683 2,128 1,688 i 2 3 4 .289 .268 .229 .204 83,696 66,373 62,634 41,743 263.4 201.0 169.4 126.4 1,338 1,061 841.6 667.4 6 6 7 8 .182 .162 .144 .129 33,102 26,261 20,817 16,610 100.2 79.6 63.0 60.0 629.2 419.7 332.8 264.0 9 10 11 12 .114 .102 .091 .081 13,094 10,382 8,234 6,230 39.7 31,4 24.9 19.8 209.4 166.0 131.7 104.4 13 14 16 16 .072 .064 .067 .061 6,178 4,107 3,267 2,683 16.7 12.4 9.86 7.82 82.8 66.7 62.07 41.29 17 18 19 20 .046 .040 .036 .032 2,048 1,624 1,288 1,021 6.20 4.92 3.90 3.09 32.76 26.97 20.69 16.33 21 22 23 24 .029 .026 .023 .020 810.1 642.6 509.6 404.0 2.46 1.96 1.54 1.22 12.96 10.27 8,16 6.46 25 26 .018 .016 320.4 264.1 .97 .77 5.12 4.06 �172 PERCENTAGE AND DEGREES OF GRADE .- ·-····:.~.r ···· ~""""......,..,., :.. Grade Per Degrees 1 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 60 66 60 66 70 76 80 90 100 Ratio of Rise {B) to travel along the level (A). Angular Equivalent {Angle A) Cent 2 3 - c.u.:. ,._.u.-t- u.p FAN CHART SHOWING INTERRUPTED OPERATION FROM THE HOURS OF 9 A. M. TO 9:45 A. M• 4 4 5 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 19 21 24 26 28 30 33 34 36 38 41 46 I Minutes 34 8 43 17 61 26 0 34 8 i2 50 58 5 12 18 24 29 34 38 42 17 48 13 33 48 67 1 59 62 39 69 0 I Seconds 23 46 G 26 45 1 6 26 34 38 34 11 26 14 36 27 46 27 32 7 24 6 40 64 39 60 26 31 12 36 14 0 .. i: Fig. 60 NOTE: "Fan Shut Down." �~ ~ C") ~~ .._. I~ . ~ ,, ll(lg:_11 !,1 • ',/g > o.'11 l , ,rG-A ~ ~a> I) ,..At A,o • ~ 0~ trl ~2 ~; ::j C) ,,., m ~ i: u) '-~) Note:- Rock Springs Srz.rte5 of Coal Seams used for No's. 6 \7flo"- ~ &~ '?> ~ \ ';>f.& ~ \. 1'1. ~ ....~ 5..,.. 1 ~ ~ ~ ,~ of' ,\,_,n. \1 • - '},,~ ':>~ °'~ ~ --~- Section on s ~ Line. of' Section, 34~3~T·21·N • Coal ~Sandstone hale R·104·W a) N 3 Scam 110' to 180' Strata Seam 12s' to 130' Strata 7iSurn 130' to us' Strata I • .§ -~ , - t ~ - 7S~m t ,. ,sum iii ~ • 190' Strata "' • 240' Str-ah1 ::> ~• Sums 11 11S & IS{small& not worlcablt) 17Sum I GEOLOGIC SECTION I OFWINTON I COAL MEASt.mES II .... -/1 0, �177 176 ~,3 . N!S\lg ~3J.~g ,• ... ~ i.. ' '' , i d I .. ~ 10 .. - ~ ~ '3 .. w1:n,s s ·oN ~ wins z ·o :::> ..) <I "' ; ~ . ~ __, lfl "'· <f) Z· 0 ~ I I. -g ~ I . V"l V) ~ & ~ <9 WO'IIS I 'ON t.) llll>l!S lg ,p0.1pUl>S ' :z: 0 I== 0 I ~ ~lif,· 11· ....l~- lU C9 :DJD4S 'II ,PO.JPUDS . V) :r I llJ u, ..Ja~:c =I 5 ~ z ~ g~~:l u ~ ~ JD4S 'II ){:>OJPUDS 0) .,, Fig. 64 Fig. 6S ~ z :e I 11, ~ 1,' LL u 0 �INDEX 178 A Page Anatomy of Human Body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Angle B ars, R ail Braces and Fishplates. . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Apparat us, Mine Rescue, and Training. . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Artificial Respiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Asphyxiation . and Suffocation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Automobile Inspection and R epairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 B Black Damp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Blasting Precautions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Blower Fan Ventilation....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 B oilers, Care of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Bonding, Tracks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Bra kes, Mine Car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Buildings and Tipples, Surface, Wiring of. . . . . . . . . . 43 C Cables and Power Lines.. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 37 Car Retarder, Railroad, Safety Rails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Cement .. .. .... . .. . ............... ... ........ 107 Charts, Fan ......................... . ..... . .. 173 Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Chief Electrician and Safety Engineer, Inspection by. 54 Clearance, Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Coal Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 . Coal, Weighing of, Rules for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Compensation Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Conduct, Personal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Copper Wire, Weight of . . .... . .. .. ... . .. . .... .. 171 Curvature of Track Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Curves and Turnouts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 D Data, Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Definitions of Electrical Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Degrees and Percentages of Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Disaster, Major . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Distributing Lines, Overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Drawbar and "Hitching" Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Drowning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Fig. 65 E Electric Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Electrical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 ' Electrical Equipment, Inspection of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Electrical Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162-166 �Page Electrical Standards . ... . .. . ...... . . . ........ . 24 Bonding . . . .. . ........................... . 31 Cables and Power Lines ... . ............. .. . . . 37 Distributing Lines, Overhead .. ........... .. . . 40 Frozen Water Pipes, Method of Thawing ....... . 49 General Instructions ....................... . 25 Grounding ........... .. ... . .. . ...... .. ... . 26 Hoists . ...... . .................. • • • .. • • • • 44 Inspection by Safety Engineer and Chief Electrician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Instructions for Inspection of Electrical Equipment 52 Lighting and Light Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Motor Generator Set and Rectifier Rooms. . . . . . . 45 Overhead Distributing Lines . .... .· . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Signal and Phone Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Switchboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Trolley Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Wiring in Underground Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Wiring of Surface Buildings and Tipples. . . . . . . . 43 Electrical Terms, Definitions of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Employes, Report of Injuries to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Employment of Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Explosions, or Other Major Pisasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Explosives, General Rules and Precautions .... .. . . 80-84 F Fan Charts . ... . ............. . ........... .. . . 173 ~ans, Blowers . .... .. .. . ..................... . 97 :i,stenings, Rail, Amount of .......... . ... . .... . F t.res osr rfOther Major Disasters . . . ... . .... .. .... . 136 Fires, u ace ............................... . 55 105 Fir~~~~y.~i H~~-B~d ..... . .............. . 146 Artificial Re iration y • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 148 Asphyxiation ~r Suffoc;ti~; • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 157 Black Damp ....... . ... .. : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 154 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning . . : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 155 Drowning ............ . .... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 155 Electric Shock • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 156 Gas Poisoning : : : : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 153 Human Body, Anato~~; ~f ••••• ••• •• •• • ••• • • • 154 148 ·:o~~~~ . . ... .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' 147 What To Do • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 158 White Damp : : : : : : : : : : : : : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 147 155 Fishplates, Angle Bars and Rail Brae~~ : : : : : : : : : : : : 132 :~!~!~~:n Page Flame Safety Lamps, Use of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Precautions to be Taken ......... .. ......... 73-77 Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Frogs and Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Frozen Water Pipes, Thawing by Electricity. . . . . . . . 49 G Gas Testing Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Gases and Gas Poisoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Gear Guards for Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111-112 General Directions, First Aid .. ...... . ........... 146 General Instructions, Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 General Rules and Precautions for Handling Explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 General Safety Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 78 Geological Strata .... . .................... . . . 175 Grades Equivalent in Feet and Degrees ............ 172 Greasing of Wire Rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Guard Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 H Handling of Explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Hanna Coal Measures ... .. . . ......... . .... . .... 177 High Tension Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 "Hitching" Inspection, Drawbars and Brakes. . . . . . 123 Hoists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Humidity Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 I Idle Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Inclined Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Injuries To Employes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 First Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Reports of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Inspection by Safety Engineer and Chief Electrician. 54 Inspection, Mining Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Inspection, Drawbars, Hitchings and Brakes. . . . . . 123 Instructions, First Aid ........ . .... . . ......... 146 General Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Instructions for Operation of Pulverized Fuel System 13 Instructions for Inspection of Electrical Equipment . . 52 J Jacks, Lifting ... . .. . .... . .. . .... . . . .......... 101 L Lamps, Flame Safety, Use of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Lamps, Flame Testing, Precautions to be taken with 73.77 Lighting and Light Wires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 �Page Lines, Overhead Distributing ........... . ... . . . . . 40 Lines, Power Cables and .................... . . • • 37 Lines, Signal and Phone . ........ . ..... . . . . . ... . 39 M Machinery, Idle ... . ............ . ... . ...... . · - 100 Major Disaster .......... . .... . ............. . 55 Management of Men ..... . ................... . 3 Measures, Coal ......... . ..... . ... ... .. ..... . 175 Mechanical Equivalents .................. . .. . . . 162 Men, Employment of ...................... .. . . 139 Management of ........................ . . . . 3 Method of Thawing Frozen Pipes by Electricity .. . . 49 Mine Cars, Inspection of .......... . ........ . . . . . 123 Mine Pumps ...... . ..... . ............. ... .. . 109 Mine Rescue Apparatus and Training ...... .... . . 59 Mine Timbering ...... . ................... .. . . 103 Mine Track Standards(Installation, Clearance, etc.) .. 125 Mine Tracks, Electrical Properties of ............ . 169 Mine Ventilation ............................. . 85 Blower Fan Ventilation ........ . .... . ....... . 97 Mining Machine Inspection ........... . . . ... . ... . 124 Motor-Generator Set and Rectifier Rooms ..... . .. . . 45 0 Operation of Pulverized Fuel System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overhead Distributing Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 40 p Parts, Flame Testing Lamps ................ . ... . . 74 Percentage and Degrees of Grade . . .............. 172 Personal Conduct • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Phone Lines, Signal and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Poisoning, Carbon MonoX:ide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Poisoning, Gas •••...... . ...... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Power Lines, Cables and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Power Plant Boilers and Related Equipment, Care of. . . . . . . . 9 Electrical Equipment, Care of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 High Tension Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Pulverized Fuel System, Operation of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Precautions in Handling of Explosives. . . . . . . . . . . 80-84 Precautions with Flame Testing Lamps. . . . . . . . 73-77 Pumps, Location ot. • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 & Rall Braces, Flshplates and Angle Bars 132 Rail Joints and Track Ties ........... . : : : : : : : : : : 127 P age Railroad Ca r Reta rder Safety Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Rails, Splices, Bolts and Spikes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Ralls and Spikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Rails, Track, Curva ture of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Recovering Timbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 104 Rec tifier and Motor-Generator Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Reports of Injuries to Employes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Rescue Apparatus, Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Respiration. Artl!lcial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Res uscita tion Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Retarder Safety Rails, Railroo.d Car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Rock Springs Coal Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Rooms, Motor-Gene rator Set and Rectifier. . . . . . . . J5 Rope, Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Dimensions and Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Greasing of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Inclined Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Inspector's Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Proper Socke ting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Rules, General Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 78 Rules Governing Employment of Men. . . . . . . . . . . . 139 RUles tor Handling of Explosives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80-84 Rules for Weighing of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 s Safety Engineer and Chief Electrician, Inspection by M Safety Lamps, Flame, Use of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Safety Precautions, Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Safety Precautions, Flame Testing Lamps .. . ... 73-77 Safety Ralls, Railroad Car Retarder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Safety Rules, General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 78 Scales, Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Shaker Conveyor, Moving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Shaker Loader Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 Shaking Conveyor Installations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . lH-115 Shelter Holes and Track Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Shock, Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Signal and Phone Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Socketing of Wire Rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Spikes and Ralls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Standards, Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Mine Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Stations, Underground, Wiring in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Strata, Geological . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Suffocation and Asphyxiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Superior Coal Measures .................... . ... 178 Surface BuUdings and Tipples, Wiring of. . . . . . . . . . 43 Surface Fires • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Switchboards • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Switches and Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 �T Page Telephone and Signal Lines .............. • . •.••• • 39 Testing Diagram, Gas ......... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Testing Lamps, Flame, Precautions. . . . . . . . . . . . 73-77 Thawing Frozen Water Pipes by Electricity . . . . . . . . 49 Ties and Rall Joints, Track. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Timbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Timbers, Recovering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Tipples and Surface Buildings, Wiring of. . . . . . . . . . 43 Track Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 . Track, Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Curvature of Track Rails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Curves and Turnouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Fishplates, Angle Bars and Rail Braces . . . . . . . . 132 Frogs and Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Guard Ralls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Ralls, Splices, Bolts and Spikes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Ralls and Spikes ............................ 128 Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Ties and Rail Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Training, Mine Rescue Apparatus and . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Trolley Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Turnouts and Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 u Underground Stations, Wiring 1n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use of Flame Safety Lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 72 V Ventilation, Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Blower Fan Ventilation ...................... 97 Voltage Drop in Bonded Track ....... .. ......... 168 w Water Pipes, Frozen, Thawing by Electricity ... . . . .. 49 Water Pumps ....... . .... .... . .......... . .... 109 Weighing of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Track Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 White Damp (Carbon Monoxide Po1·sonlng) 155 Winton • • • • • • 115 w· eoCoal Measures . · · • • • • ........ ......... W'J!e, R pper ..•............................. 171 w~:s, ~ehi!ee • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 117 w· Trg g ~;f8:i.1~fe) g ...................... 35 w~· . oiey • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 g m nderground Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Wirlng of Surface Buildings and Tipples . . . . . . . . . . 43 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Union Pacific Collection Description An account of the resource This collection is made possible in part by a generous grant from Wyoming Humanities. All materials are the property of Union Pacific Coal Company, on long-term loan at Western Wyoming Community College. For usage inquiries, contact the <a href="https://www.uprrmuseum.org">Union Pacific Museum</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Union Pacific Coal Company Code of Standards to Govern Safety Work, Including Construction and Operation Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-NC-ND Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1947-10-01 Subject The topic of the resource Code of standards for safety during construction and operation. Description An account of the resource 8"x 5.5" Black leather ring binder, loose leaf paper Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Union Pacific Coal Co. Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1-0005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Union Pacific Coal Co. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource H. C. Livingston, Vice President - Operation V. O. Murray, General Manager I. M. Charles, Chief Engineer D. T. Faddis, General Master Mechanic Guy L. Stevenson, Chief Electrician F. J. Peternell, Safety Engineer